Positive Impact of Internet on Internet Essay

E-government, based on The World Bank definition is â€Å"the use of information technology by government offices for better services to people, business and to facilitate cooperation among government institutions†. The use of E-government has a prospect of empowering the society through public access to information resources available. (Krisna Sen, 2005) For example, a number of American and European sites feature extensive government reports and scientific studies as well as dynamic debates about government and politics. Analogous Indonesian sites usually offer little beyond public relations materials from government agencies and corporations. Krisna Sen, 2005) There are unlimited advantages in the application of e-government. The wide use of e-government provides services and assists in communication between government and communities. It, also, provides services and makes a communication possible between government and business sector. Finally, â€Å"e-government facilitates communication in intergovernmental and among government institutions† (David Lazer, 2007). Basically, it supports the communication between central and local governments and balances their authority. Indonesia could use E-government for other reasons as well. E-government can maintain the government change towards a democratic future. Online E-government services will motivate general public to use internet and transform the society towards an information epoch. There are many factors that, unfortunately, contribute to the low use of Internet. Most of the ICT development has been concentrated in the metropolis centers like Jakarta, Bandung, Bali, and Surabaya, while rural areas lack access to even the most basic telecom infrastructure. Telephone and computer access have gradually increased over the years, but these figures are still very low. Another main aspect contributing to the little use of ICTs is the narrow knowledge and use of English in Indonesia. The national language of Indonesia, a dialect of Malay, is used in education, government, and business. That is why the ability to use the Internet is very limited. However, despite an array of geographical, political, and economic obstacles, progress has been made in the operation and use of the Internet in Indonesia with the support of local communities. Also, a significant steps forward has been made in the distribution of ICT education in the country.

Mitochondrial Myopathy Disorder Health And Social Care Essay

A â€Å" vitamin D † bottle of O is now in the house for good due to the frequence of the chest & A ; back musculus cramp. triggers can be â€Å" obvious † eg allergic reaction ( pollens, grasses, cats and Canis familiariss ) ; weather ; dramatic alterations in temperature ( eg: can non travel shopping in the country that some shops maintain at â€Å" icebox temperatures † . Occasionally I can acquire off with it if I merely need milk – I can keep my breath long plenty to acquire that, but I have to travel every bit rapidly as I can or the musculuss can spasm. However, the latter is still far better to â€Å" run the gantlet † for than what I have to â€Å" travel through † if I inhale the cold air ) . If I do hold to travel out into the cold during the winter months ( normally merely to travel to Doctors ) I must guarantee that I am adequately clothed, do certain that I am have oning my ski-goggles ( to maintain the cold air off from the ocu lus country, so that the oculus musculuss do n't spasm ) , and that I can take a breath â€Å" through † something ( like a warm scarf – I have a manner that where I can put the scarf merely a small higher at the forepart, and no-one realises what is truly â€Å" taking topographic point † ) ; A SUDDEN MOVEMENT OF ANY NATURE â€Å" AT THE WRONG MOMENT † , OR SIMPLY BEING UNABLE TO MOVE, BE IT EVER SO SLIGHTLY AT LEAST EVERY 15 MINUTES, REGARDLESS OF THE TIME OF DAY. The conditions or the trouble in being able to â€Å" writhe † or â€Å" shuffle † or travel the weaponries and custodies are the major factors doing the really painful â€Å" bad cramp † .BOTH VOLUNTARY AND INVOLUNTARY MUSCLES ARE AFFECTED BY THE MITOCHONDRIAL DISORDERTHE VOCAL CHORD MUSCLES HAVE DEGENERATED TO THE POINT WHERE THEY NO LONGER Work ALL THE TIME. ANY ATTEMPT AT SPEACH IMMEDIATELY BRINGS ON ACUTE PAIN AND CHRONIC SPASMS IN THE THROAT AND NECK WHEN THE VOCAL C HORDS BECOME PAINFUL AND THROBBING WHEN STRAINING TO SPEAK.Changeless INFLAMATION IS IN THE VOCAL CHORD / THROAT AREA.I HAVE BEEN ADVISED BY DR. WOOD NOT TO SPEAK BECAUSE OF THE NOW CONSTANT Menace OF MAJOR INFECTION, BUT THIS HAS PROVEN TO BE IMPRACTICAL, AND I HAVE LEARNED TO MANAGE THIS TO BE ABLE TO SPEAK THE MAJORITY OF THE TIME.WHEN NECESSARY, I USE A LAPTOP FOR ALL SPEECH/VOCAL COMMUNICATION NOW. I ALSO MAKE WHAT NOISE I CAN BY CLAPPING MY HANDS OR THIGHS [ I try non to stomp my pess as that gives the incorrect feeling ] , DEPENDING ON CIRCUMSTANCES AND SITUATION TO GAIN THE ATTENTION OF THE 2ND/3RD PARTY REQUIRED IF THE MATTER IS IMPORTANT.I AM NOT STUPID OR DEAF, AND MY â€Å" MENTAL FACULTIES † ARE FULLY COMPREHENSIVE. PLEASE SPEAK NORMALLY.Muscle â€Å" Problem † – Diagnosis by Dr Katekar:There are at least ( 2 ) neurological upsets, 2 muscular upsets and mitochondrial upset [ non genetic/hereditary ] . The Mitochondrial Disorder has caused Muscle Atrophy and Weakness resulted in an instability in the musculus fluids ( but NOT Dystrophin, although non good this fluid is produced sufficiently to Govern OUT Muscular Dystrophy ) , with Acute/Chronic Pain. There are 3 types of hurting, necessitating 3 types of medicines for â€Å" alleviation of kinds † ; and Chronic Muscle Spasm in BOTH the Voluntary and Involuntary Muscular Systems eg: Voluntary Muscles: legs, weaponries, bole of organic structure, stop and upper trunk [ this can do major jobs take a breathing and there is oxygen kept in the place for this intent, guaranting O impregnation is at an acceptable degree despite dramatic deceleration of heart/pulse. Requests for the Blood Trials to Confirm this for entry to DVA have been refused on the evidences that my life would be at great hazard, as my heart/pulse beads to around 50bpm and blood force per unit area drops at best, to approx 60 over 70 [ mean [ normal ] blood forc e per unit area for me is 70 over 90 ; eyes ( doing blurred and/or dual vision to impermanent sightlessness of unpredictable clip frame. If unable to talk at these times, I use deaf/blind sign language ) . It is non unusual for an oculus musculus to spasm, doing said oculus to be â€Å" immobilised † for the continuance of the cramp, and the other to travel usually. It has been known for both eyes to spasm at the same clip. This is farther complicated at present by fast turning Cataracts, which are scheduled for remotion whilst I am â€Å" In Remission † ; pharynx ( trouble swallowing, and â€Å" little stairss † often halt medicine go throughing into the tummy, particularly if merely 1 tablet is being taken ) . The pharynx is besides â€Å" unfastened † from vocal preparation in my teens and early 20s and it is non uncommon for the vocal chords to acquire inflamed or infected. This is minimised by regular â€Å" intervention † of a one-fourth a le mon followed by sipped Dry Ginger Ale ; vocal chords have degenerated doing them to be strained, annoyed and inflamed. I sip Dry Ginger Ale to ease this, but the menace of major infection is now a invariable, and I have been advised by Dr Wood non to talk or whisper at all. I use a laptop computing machine for all speech/vocal communicating now ; jaw musculuss cramps make eating hard, although non impossible, and I tend to maintain to soups, soft nutrients and fluids at these times. Involuntary Muscles: tummy, vesica merely. The vesica is now dystrophic and I â€Å" maintain a mental oculus on my unstable consumption and what is â€Å" passed † . If I feel that there is an instability, and fluid is being retained, I so use catheters to guarantee that the vesica is being wholly emptied to cut down infection and take the Lasix until it is one time once more â€Å" under control † ( if infection is indicated so I start a class of anti-biotics instantly – this has proven to be greatly good, maintaining the infection mild and minimal ) . Another Fluid Chart has been kept from Mid January, 2009 to supervise that all is one time once more as it should be, and whether catheters are being used. Please make non waver to bespeak a transcript of the Chart if required ; diaphragm merely ; big intestine ( when the musculuss spasm, it is hard to make more than a â€Å" little † gesture. As there has been an escalated frequence in this, and it takes an norm of 7 yearss before the intestine starts to empty anything like â€Å" to the full † , suppositories are traveling to be trialled to see if they can give equal alleviation and cut down the hazard of any â€Å" nasties † developing ; little intestine ; pes musculuss ; facial musculuss ; neck musculuss ( jobs can be caused in the cervical spinal column as a consequence of this, every bit good as terrible concerns. Migraines are non uncommon and hurting or blaze related ) ; etc. The lone â€Å" musculus † that appears to be working at its best, without â€Å" bugs † is the bosom, despite all the musculuss around it traveling into chronic cramps, although this happening does decelerate it down. To day of the month, all trials are clear despite the low blood force per unit area ( and I am making my best to guarantee that it stays that manner ) . MY PHARMACY IS TORONTO AMCAL PHARMACY For any questions the REFERRING PHARMACIST is SAM ZOGHBI FOR RELIEF and / or aid DURING PERIODS OF MUSCLE SPASMS ( these can be of short ( if treated rapidly ) or prolonged continuance. There is no â€Å" put † clip frame here – it can travel on for hebdomads, necessitating the pickings of medicines for an drawn-out period of clip, including the IM Injections, although these are merely used when perfectly necessary. Oral medicine merely is preferred ) : TRAMAL 50mg ARE GEL CAPSULES and are SLOWER TO RELEASE into the system. This medicine is the lone analgesic able to be used because of my Opiate Allergy, and so merely for every bit short a period of clip as possible. If the stop muscles spasm, unwritten medicine takes excessively long – I am unable to inhale, as the musculuss maintain fastening around the lungs/diaphragm. For the cramp ‘ it ‘s unwritten BUSCOPAN and VALIUM ( 10 to 40 milligram ) . I self inject into the thigh musculuss DIAZAPAM ( 2mls to 12mls ie 1- 4 phials ) when it â€Å" hurts large clip † . Quick Relief. The 6 phials are merely used if bulk of all musculuss are in cramp, and particularly the stop to throat musculuss and similar up the back. This â€Å" event † is Rare. It feels like I ‘ve got a large broad set of steel around my organic structure and that it is being continually tightened. The hurting does n't assist. Oxygen is besides indispensable when the musculuss are at this pont.FOR MEDICAL PROCEDURES [ USUALLY IN THEATRE ] and MRIs REQUIRING MUSCLE SPASM FREE IMMOBILITY FOR MORE THAN 10 MINUTES:No â€Å" pre-medication † prior any GENERAL OR LOCAL ANAESTHETICWITH THE EXCEP TION OF:30mls MEDAZOLAN to be injected IV prior.MRIs require a General Anaesthetic.CT Scans, ULTRASOUNDS and NUCLEAR SCANS require VALIUM [ DIAZAPAM ] IM Injections [ ego administered ] and Buscopan, the latter depending on the process and clip frame required 30 proceedingss prior Scans so to guarantee musculuss are spasm free and to help by leting me to put level for a minimum clip. 30mls IV Valiumor Medazolan is required for drawn-out processs and this needs to be â€Å" topped up † with 10mls every 30 proceedingss [ please refer to Medical Records at John Hunter Hospital when I had to hold a Nuclear Scan ] . POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER ( PTSD ) – Primary and secondary, has been diagnosed. This is being treated by Dr Kim John Street, Swansea. Allergies: ALL OPIATES, including: Morphine ; CODEINE ; PETHADINE ; and ALL RELATED MEDICATIONS AND INJECTIONS ; ALL PLASTERS except HYPAFIX by BSN medical As it is non often used or stocked, I guarantee that I carry some all the clip – you will happen I ever have some with me, and kept in a bluish vinyl, 2 zippered â€Å" billfold † with my medicines and injection rubs. Any lesion will necessitate some kind of dressing before the aerated plaster is put on ( for obvious grounds ) I do do up some into â€Å" set AIDSs † , used chiefly when I need any injections or blood trials. DO NOT USE MICROPORE OR ANY OTHER PLASTER UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES. GAUZE BANDAGES ARE OK IF THE HYPAFIX IS UNSUITABLE. Plastic SKIN, OR OTHER SIMILAR PRODUCTS, INCLUDING â€Å" LIQUID BANDAIDS † MAXILON, TOTAL INTOLERANCE = must be given STEMETIL BARIUM, INFLAMATION OF ALL â€Å" DIGESTIVE TRACT †WHEAT ; RYE ; KIBBLE & A ; OTHER â€Å" DRY † GRASSES/GRAINS AND GLUTEN including family â€Å" Lawn Grass † ;DUST & A ; MOULDSCATS, DOGS HORSES & A ; COWS ;WATTLE & A ; POLLENSKNOWN REACTIONS TO ALLERGIES:â€Å" MEDICATIONS † & amp ; â€Å" WATTLE † & amp ; â€Å" POLLENS † = ACUTE SWELLING INTERNALLY, WITH ITCHING ; POSSIBLE FULL MUSCLE COLLAPSE, INCLUDING = CHRONIC NAUSEA ; VOMITING ; DIFFICULTY BREATHING ; THROAT CONGENSTION â€Å" Plasters † = RED RASH DEVELOPING INTO A FORM OF WELT, EXTREMELY ITCHY and OFTEN LOOKING LIKE A BAD SCALD, WHICH EVENTUALLY BLISTERS – Time FRAME CAN VARY DUE TO CIRCUMSTANCES. Grasss, Cats, Dogs, Horses and Cows: â€Å" Swelling AND EXCESSIVE WATERING OF EYES † â€Å" WELTS † and â€Å" CHRONIC Itch † , AT ALL PHYSICAL CONTACT POINTS List of Previous Operationss and Anaesthetics & A ; /or Hospitalisation, including twelvemonth and Hospital Year Operation & A ; /or Hospitalisation and Details 2009 Cataract Right Eye Removed by Dr David Manning at Hunter Valley Private Hospita cubic decimeter 2009 Larynx Infection – Kurri Kurri District Hospital 2009 Larynx Infection – Maitland District Hospital 2009 Lumbar Spine Traction and Larynx Infection – Lingard Private Hospital 2009 Larynx Infection – Belmont Hospital 2009 Larynx Infection – Belmont Hospital 2009 Cataract Left Eye Removed by Dr R Griffits at Toronto Private Hospital Chronic Chest Pain, Muscle Pain and referral to and monitoring by Pain Clinic [ John Hunter Hospital so transferred to Rehab at Toronto Private Hospital ] Possible Spinal Fracture – Lumbar ( subsequently diagnosed Lumbar Spine status aggravated and T8 wedged and stress break by T7 and T9 ) [ Lingard Private Hospital ] Multiple Cyst Removals ( assorted topographic points on Scalp ) [ Newcastle Mater Hospital medazolan used ] Multiple Cyst Removals ( both Breasts ) and Nipple Reconstruction ( RightBreast ) [ Belmont Hospital medazolan used ]Left Shoulder Rotator Cuff Surgery for break [ Hunter Valley Private Hospital ] 1991/1992 Probes of Muscle Disorder and admittance for possible spinal harm as a consequence of backwards autumn in the wheelchair [ Prince Henry Hospital – Records should now be held at Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick ] 26 Cysts removed from Head and Full Body [ Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick ] Multiple Haemorrhoids removed [ Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick ]Muscle Biopsy – Deltoid Muscle Left Arm [ Orange Private Hospital ]Colonoscopy – non completed due to Chronic Muscle Spasm of the Bowel [ Dubbo Clinic ] Spinal Manipulation [ Dubbo Base Hospital ] Hysterectomy – Womb Merely [ Crown Street Womens Hospital – Records are now at Royal Womens Hospital, Sydney ] 1981 – 1973 D & A ; C ‘s every 3 – 5 months ( about 11 surgeries that are remembered ) [ Gosford District Hospital and Crown Street Womens Hospital ] 1977 Reconstruction of Bridge of Nose due to poisoning of Sinuses [ Royal North Shore Hospital ] Very Large Tumour Removal from cervix ( approx 18cm x 9cm ) [ Royal North Shore Hospital ] Appendectomy [ Gosford District Hospital ] Removal 4 Molars [ Wyong Hospital ] Hernia in Groin – fix to exceed of leg by Plastic Surgeon [ Brisbane Hospital ]Full Reversal Blood Transfusion – â€Å" Rhesus Baby † [ Unscreened Blood had Hepatitus B Strain, but Liver Functions [ closely monitored ] show no indicants, and are normal ] . Please bespeak a transcript of the Last Blood Test for Your Records & A ; General Information [ Crown Street Womens Hospital – Records now at RoyalWomens Hospital, Sydney ]Pregnancies: 4 ten Miscarriages so Daughter Born 09/01/1952 [ Crown Street Womens Hospital – Records now held at Royal Womens Hospital, Sydney ] ; 1 ten Miscarriage so Son Born 03/02/77 ; [ Crown Street Womens Hospital – Records now held at Royal Womens Hospital, Sydney ]GENERAL INFORMATIONI usually have really low blood force per unit area: it is non unusual for it to be 60/70, and after general anesthetics, it has been known to be in the high 40s-low 50s over 60-70. My pulsation is besides â€Å" slow † : seldom greater than 60 per minute, and it is non unusual for it to be in the low 50s. It has been known to be in the high 40s for considerable periods of clip.The above rates are non a consequence of musculus cramps, although they can lend to said degrees.Both my low blood force per unit area and decelerate pulsation have been apparent for every bit long as I can remember [ my female parent besides has changeless low blood force per unit area ] . If I feel that there is an at hand job with blood O soaking up, I have some O and albuterol instantly, and remain on it until my coloring material has returned â€Å" to normal † and my pulsation has increased to above 60. Although non a frequent happening, it has occurred frequently plenty for me to hold this â€Å" a criterion operating process † when I feel that my pulsation has dropped a small excessively low and my skin coloring material changed – albeit merely little. There has been considerable concern during the last 12 months about these degrees and I have learned a manner of intensifying them, but it is a difficult subject to keep, and when stressed or dying, I merely ca n't look to pull off to â€Å" draw it up † I DO Not hold asthma and a bosom status has non been diagnosed, although regular ECGs are ever done anterior any â€Å" medical processs † , and when it is felt to be necessary to guarantee that the musculuss have caused no harm or other â€Å" bugs † , particularly as chest musculus cramp is â€Å" common † . I ‘ve had several ECGs of late – all indicate a really slow bosom rate, but no-one has expressed concern at this [ pulsation is averaging 54 at present ]I am besides intolerant of onion and Allium sativum as a consequence of the degenerated sphincter musculuss at the tummy [ this does non include â€Å" spring onions † or â€Å" peppers † – there has been no reaction to them to day of the month.Dry Ginger Ale sooths and helps the vocal chords, although it is accepted that the â€Å" harm † [ devolution ] will non be able to be â€Å" improved † .Thank you for your clip and apprehension of these recent alterati ons, and your forbearance. Update: 5th July, 2010 I am Dr Mannings patient for my eyes. Both have had cataract surgery and the 3.8mm+ ocular nervousnesss are damaged from the mitochondrial upset over 10 old ages ago. The Guide Dog Association has come back on board with retraining and reassurance with some Cane Work, which has helped my morale vastly. For low vision and blind periods. Professor Ghabrial had me in grip for two hebdomads in Lingard Hospital which was successful. It eased the hurting well from all the shrinkage and wedged vertebra that took topographic point while being out of remittal for some 10 uneven old ages. I had a autumn that once more made the spinal column Mobile and I have had a physical therapist gently rub my dorsum for some hebdomads, and this seems to hold helped. I have been advised to acquire an elastic surgical girdle when present chest â€Å" issues † have been resolved. I am now, gratefully, in full remittal, so hold legs do travel once more i?S – good carefully planned travels er walks. I am really careful non to exaggerate it and do them â€Å" want to give up and set down me on my proverbial butt † ! I was thrilled to happen that I was able to March in Sydney on Anzac Day in 2009 [ my late hubby, Bear, was one of the last smattering of Combat Field Engineers/Tunnel Rats to go forth Vietnam ] and so walked from Hyde Park to the â€Å" bottom terminal † of Wentworth Street without any jobs, and after holding â€Å" a drink † [ dry ginger ale ] with some of â€Å" the Mates † and a friend, went on to walk the short distance to Central ] . I had no jobs with my legs making any of this and neither were there jobs the undermentioned twenty-four hours, bespeaking the strengthening of the Remission â€Å" Stage † . It has got even better since so. I have no jobs walking to and from my place [ three blocks up the ridge above Toronto High School ] to Toronto shopping Centre, although I do non transport my purchases, but use a â€Å" shopping streetcar † General wellness is first-class. The Voluntary musculuss appear to hold stabilised peculiarly good [ the best since the late 1980s ] , the involuntary are prolonging and changeless in their present status = non great, but could be worse. The sphincter muscles work the least, the saddle sore vesica has shrivelled to virtually nil, the liver map is great as at the last blood trial, The vesica can non do up its head so I keep the catheters handy, and the intestine does its ain thing although it has been decided that if I am non happy with â€Å" my motions † for three yearss and there is no alteration on the 4th, I have been advised by Dr Sharon to utilize clyster to guarantee â€Å" the build-up † from the musculuss non desiring to let go of and remain spasmed, does non do jobs further down the path. No processs can be done internally, as, for illustration, with the small cameras attached to whatever, as the musculuss will spasm around them, and any tools being used every bit good, and has been deemed unsafe and perchance life threatening, depending on where. The Blood Gases blood trial still has to be done for DVA to pay for the O that I need and use and have been paying for for old ages, but non been done to day of the month because my blood force per unit area and bosom rate are excessively low and at least 14 physicians to day of the month hold denied me the pickings of the blood for the trial because they deem it to be life endangering. Without it – I continue to pay for all that is required to hold the O in the place and the â€Å" gas bottle in usage † . No worries the monthly $ 110 has become a portion of my general budget now – one gets used to holding to pay for these things. Dr Katekar has wanted me on specific minerals and vitamins to feed the musculuss and maintain the fluid degrees every bit high as possible – prescribed medicine – those originally put frontward are now covered by DVA and â€Å" the needed DVA test period of 3 months † will get down early January. They can so be appr oved for lasting prescription and with the status now being accepted, farther addendums can now be put frontward. I have found the Blackmores Magnesium to be an â€Å" indispensable † [ although I have found that the Thompsons Organic is better, it is besides harder to acquire ] . I am prone to fluid keeping as a consequence of the medicines that I am on, but this is now virtually under control and I am able to maintain such keeping to a minimal thanks to the Lasix fluid tablets as required. I merely take them when I feel the demand Internet Explorer I bloat with the fluid or experience the fluid is non being passed as it should and observe whether or non the vesica â€Å" issues † require the usage of catheters.I am unable to put level – period! My spinal and musculus conditions combined [ including wedged vertebrae ] , have made this impossible [ and yes, now being in remittal, I do seek, but to day of the month, pay a immense monetary value for it within a twosome proceedingss = chronic hurting and musculus cramps, worsening the already â€Å" shrunk spinal column † symptoms ] . To put level I need to be good medicated with anti-spasmodics including IM Injections, which I ever carry with me should the musculuss go into an unexpected cra mp. I have an electric bed at place with allows me to kip in a â€Å" zigzag † manner, taking every bit much emphasis off the back musculuss as possible. Yes, it is a important consideration with respects the grip, although non unsurmountable. With my voluntary musculuss bit by bit beef uping, it is a great feeling for me and has decidedly given me greater quality of life, being able to travel around independent of Jade – my wheelchair. The lone cloud on my skyline, as such, is my ability to talk and recent ache, uncomfortableness and rubing 24/7 and intermittent crisp hurting [ day-to-day ] in both my chests – really different from that which is caused by any of my musculuss in the yesteryear. The â€Å" little musculuss that create a span † between the vocal chords and the pharynx have atrophied and broken, making trouble to talk, although frustrating, does non trouble oneself me, being the 2nd clip unit of ammunition that I have â€Å" been here † and I have Sheeba [ my laptop ] to help me now, where in the past, I had My Bear [ late hubby ] who came with me to construe the sign language that I had to make, or guarantee that he was at that place to compose for me should my manus musculuss â€Å" give out † . Dr Sharon has advised me non to talk at all because of the chronic hurting induced by the annoyance, exasperation and redness that is created in the pharynx in that part, so that the infections are kept minimum. I need the same antibiotics if the vesica gets infected, and can non, because of my medicine allergic reactions, â€Å" have my organic structure acquire excessively used to taking them † in instance of â€Å" unsusceptibility â⠂¬  . That said, I have managed the hurting and uncomfortableness to be able to talk most of the clip, and there are distinguishable indexs when I need to halt and fall back to the laptop, and it now happens merely on occasion. WHEN THE LARYNX IS SWOLLEN, AS IT IS AT PRESENT I CAN SPEAK. IT ‘S A BIT ROUGH FIRST Thing IN THE MORNING BUT EXERCISES GET IT â€Å" UP AND RUNNING † Oklahoma AND I HAVE LEARNED TO LIVE WITH THE PAIN.IF THE SWELLING BECOMES TOO GREAT, THE LARYNX BLOCKS THE THROAT, CHOKING ME AND REQUIRING HOT DRINKS AND OXYGEN. THE BLOOD GASES DROP DURING THE BLOCKAGE – Acerate leaf SENSATIONS DOWN TO THE BREASTS AND AT THE SAME LEVEL IN THE ARMS.The custodies and pess are still a changeless job with spasms/cramps, hurting, pins and acerate leafs and all activities tire them, including keyboards, although I can work on them the longest. Thank goodness I have been an Executive Secretary in the yesteryear and that has stood beside me now. When the hands/fi ngers get weary, I have to take a interruption, although these are now going less frequent. I can non utilize my present brailler – the keys are excessively difficult for my fingers to press, but Vision Australia are traveling to interchange it for me for one with an easier keyboard, which will be great. Yes, I am larning Braille. My status includes periods of entire sightlessness and I have no purpose of halting my life because of it in the yesteryear, nowadays or hereafter. A TTY phone has besides been set up in the sofa room for me to do my phone calls. I call a Relay Officer to whom I type who I want to name, they dial the figure and on the â€Å" travel in front † I start typing what I want to state and they relay it to the individual I am naming. When she has finished what I have typed, she says â€Å" travel in front † and the individual I have called speaks straight to me, on their â€Å" travel in front † I so respond and so the conversation axial rotations on. It is non linking every bit easy as it should at nowadays, so it ‘s usage is minimum at present. Electronic mails have come to my deliverance until we can acquire the TTY â€Å" sorted out † . At this point in clip, I have put it awayaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦Nice!Having a high hurting tolerance does non do the appraisal of my conditions an easy thing for me.

Bank Supervision in Nepal Essay

Banks are the pillars of economy in real capitalistic market of a nation. They are prime sources of investment that play vital role in mobilizing resources to an optimum level in business world. The role of banking sector in economic growth and stability requires continuous and reliable service. In Nepal, Nepal Ratra Bank (NRB) is only an authorized body responsible for the monetary regulation and supervision of all banks and financial institutions licensed by it. It regulates price and balance of payments stability, manage liquidity, develop a sound payment system, and promote financial services and financial stability of the nation. The use of information technology (IT) by financial sector creates numerous challenges of managing and governing it in today’s context. Issues of tackling with changes in technology, migrating system from one to another, maintain adequate internal control system and managing other IT related risks are emerging in banking sector. Frauds through debit and credit cards, ATM, internet banking, mobile banking have increased the risk of financial loss along with other banking risks. Technology risk is not only concerned with operation risk of the bank, other banking risks like credit risk, reputation risk, compliance risk, market risk, strategic risk are also increased due to it. In this scenario, there must be a guideline to regulate sound and robust risk management technology that strengthens system security, reliability, availability and business continuity. Banks licensed by NRB should maintain the prescribed level of capital fund while opening branches only at prescribed locations. Every NRB reports submitted by bank should be transparent and must be properly reviewed and verified by NRB. Credit information bureau of every client must be recorded and submitted to the concerned authorities for any credit or loan functionalities. To defend illegal users from accessing banking system, it is essential to well educate customers to conduct banking operation securely. Similarly, it is also important to educate other stakeholders including its employees to create effective information security practice. Summarizing up, NRB being an apex body, it should seriously pursue various policies, strategies and actions to maintain the stability in price and consolidate the balance of payments for sustainable development of the economy of Nepal. The increasing complexity of IT in banks creates significant risk to which comprehensive risk management comprising of various standard internal control framework, bank’s own requirement and NRB requirement must be implemented. To ensure effectiveness of implemented control framework and adequacy of the adopted security plan and procedures, banks should conduct Information System (IS) audit annually. They should clearly provide information about the services, cost, security features, risk and benefits of electronic banking environment.

Critiquing Strategic Plans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Critiquing Strategic Plans - Essay Example The strategic plan is to have substantial investments so as to assure the long term efficiency and to achieve substantial revenue growth. (James, 2009) Any investment will be done in accordance with the minimum funding level policy for the company’s reserve. The company subsection entails dynamism in aspects as in the vision and mission which is a strength.However; the company has several specific operations with the long term inefficiency costs. This insufficient costs constitute company weakness.The company should therefore set manageable subsections of the objectives that will be handled in accordance to the available costs. (James, 2009) The Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan is scheduled to reduce fatalities and serious injuries on public roadways. The mission is to have zero deaths across the public roadways. Ordinarily, there are 12 safety emphasis areas including speeding and aggressive driving, impaired driving, occupant protection (seatbelts, child safety seats), motorcycle safety, distracted driving, roadway infrastructure improvements (intersections, lane departures), age-related driving, heavy vehicle/transit/bus safety, non-motorized users (bicyclists, pedestrians), natural risks (weather, animals), traffic incident management (secondary collisions, work zones) and cross-jurisdictional issues. The safety plan outlines a clear set of actions and proposed strategies to be taken over the next five years to reduce motor vehicle and pedestrian-involved crashes, and save lives on roadways (ADOT, 2014 ) The strength is the support of the Arizona Governor’s Office of Highway Safety, the Arizona Department of Public Safety, the Arizona Department of Health Services, our federal partners and the hundreds of participating stakeholders across our state. The strategic plan has not involved the educative programs and this is a weakness. There is need for proper education on the

How Businesses Use Learning & Memory to Affect Consumers Essay

How Businesses Use Learning & Memory to Affect Consumers - Essay Example If we look at the apple, you can directly say that it means high quality and luxury of computers, if we say it is Mercedes luxury cars and sports cars BMW means (Natale 2007 45-52). Those traders have learned to their brand, successfully using touch system and stimulus. They may even offer its popular brand for rent to other companies that are not brand ill bred with the negative image. Discussion Businesses are usually relatively little power to use punishment or negative reinforcement. However, parking meters often used to prevent consumers from taking valuable parking space and manufacturers may void your warranty if consumers take their product to unauthorized repair facility (Watkins 2006 294-303). Several factors influence effectiveness of operant learning. In general, more time effects of behavior, especially. In other words, power companies will be more likely to encourage consumers to use less electricity at peak times, when consumers actually have to pay when they used elec tricity (e.g. - slot), but not at end of month. Learning is also more likely to occur when the person can between behavior and consequences (but learning can occur even if link is not aware). Another problem is that building programs and extinction. Extinction occurs when behavior continues to have the impact on behavior and then eventually stops happening. For example, if the passenger finds that scream at check -in staff did not receive its upgrade to first class, it is likely to stop this behavior. Sometimes the person is rewarded each time you run behavior (e.g., consumer receives the non- alcoholic beverage whenever coins were introduced machine). Nevertheless, it is not necessary for learning time occurs. Even rewarded only from time to time, behavior can be studied. Several building programs are available: Fixed interval, consumer gets the free dessert every Tuesday, when he or she eats at the certain restaurant. Fixed ratio: behavior is rewarded (or punished) for each nth ti me it is performed. (For example, every tenth loyalty presented supplied free). Variable ratio: Each time the action is performed, there is some chance that be given. For example, each time user enters store, he or she receives the lottery ticket. With each ticket, there is the 20% chance to get the free burger. Consumers can get the free burger twice, or he or she can go ten times without getting the hamburger once. Variable Reinforcement Is Least Vulnerable To Extinction Sometimes training may be necessary to teach consumer desired behavior. In other words, it may be possible to directly teach consumers to adopt desired behavior. For example, user can first get the good free product (product itself, if it is good, it is the reward), then buy with the large cents off coupon, and finally buy at high prices. Thus, we are strengthening approaches desired behavior. Instead of introducing Coca -Cola directly in Indonesia, fruit soft drinks were introduced because they were more like dri nks are consumed (Anderson & Farkas 2003 88-93). Consumer does not always have to go through learning process itself; sometimes it can be learned by observing consequences of others. For example, stores can make the big deal out of bullpen continued shop is not so much because they want to stop this behavior among those who were, and to discourage behaviors in others? In addition, viewers can identify with characters in advertising that

Business Data Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Data Analysis - Essay Example The value of correlation coefficient is positive. Therefore it can be said that as age increases so does income. The level of dissatisfaction is significantly higher in women as compared to men. There were 14 ‘extremely dissatisfied’ responses from women as compared to only 6 from men. On the other hand the positive responses were 117 as compared to only 89 from women. However almost 21 males very a little dissatisfied as compared to only 8 from women. a. Predictors: (Constant), How many promotions, if any, have you received while working for your present employer?, How many traumatic events did you experience last year?, How many hours did you work last week, at all jobs?, How many years of school have you completed?, In your household, how many family members, including yourself, were employed last year?, Age, Your pre-tax income last year ($000), Total family pre-tax income last year ($000), Since you were 16 years old, about how many years have you worked for full-time pay? The age of employees at the company varies between 69 and 18. This is a very large level of diversity. This diversity can be help in creating creativity but also can be a tough task to manage such a diverse workforce. The major workforce has their age in the mid thirties. The age of employees can affect their output. Therefore it was important to analyze the affect of employee age on different variables. The analysis revealed that as the age of employees was increases their number of hours worked were becoming less. This means that older people were working less as compared to the younger workforce. This can be due to the higher posts of senior employees and managerial roles. The increase in pretax income with an increase in age also supports this theory. As the employees get older they become senior and therefore have a better pay scale and have to put in fewer hours. The age however was totally unrelated to union membership. Therefore we can that there was an

Service value evaluation on the restaurant in London Dissertation

Service value evaluation on the restaurant in London - Dissertation Example Additionally, the researcher will also present a glimpse of the survey questionnaire which will be used to gather primary data. Lastly, limitations to the adopted methodology will also be presented for readers’ understanding. 2. AdoptedMethodology In order to plan and align activities with the research schedule, research methodology plays a vital role in outlining a roadmap. On the other hand, adopted research methodology clarifies the guidelines and principles that should be strictly followed by the researcher to successfully complete the study. Reliability of the primary data is also relied on the selection of appropriate research methodology in order to develop a valid conclusion and set of recommendations by the end of the research work (Kothari, 2004). Keeping this in view, two types of research methodologies are available to researchers. One is qualitative, and the other one is quantitative research methodology. Qualitative researchers are those, which tends on to explai n natural phenomenon pertaining to the area under study. In qualitative researches, researcher observes a natural phenomenon and interprets it according to his personal approach towards the area of study. Qualitative researchers are widely known as multi-method approach which includes interpretive and naturalistic view on the area which is being examined by the researchers (Gillham, 2000). It is important for the researchers that they conduct qualitative researches in natural settings and build logic with the help of theories around the answers presented against the research questions. The data retrieved for completing a qualitative research study is retrieved from sources that provide detailed answers to the research questions. These sources of information can be interviews, focus group discussion, personal observation and etc. Another important aspect that needs to be noticed here is that, qualitative researches are based on inductive approach usually as it requires researchers to explore phenomenon and implicate the findings to the general environment (Crowther & Lancaster, 2012; Gordon & Marian, 2006). Then there is quantitative approach to research work which requires researchers to support the findings of the study with the help of statistical data. Research works based on quantitative approach are considered as more authentic than qualitative approach as it supports the findings of the study scientifically. On the other hand, quantitative research works are based on deductive approach as they rule out the findings which are not reliable and focus only on those findings, which are scientifically proven by statistical figures and justified by the previous work conducted on the same subject. Researches that are based on quantitative approach are generally more reliable as they look for cause and effect to build up a suitable conclusion and recommendation part. Keeping the discussion pertaining to quantitative researches, it can be asserted that quantitativ e researchers are more reliable and authentic as compared to qualitative research methods (Jackson, 2010). Keeping in view the context and aim of the present study, the researcher has adopted quantitative approach to research work, i.e. the researcher will use both quantitative research methodology to ensure the authenticity of the primary research with the help of statistical testing. By doing this, the researcher wi

Global Operations Management of Wal-Mart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Global Operations Management of Wal-Mart - Essay Example The paper tells that global supply chain management focuses on the process of planning and optimizing the different international and local processes of procurement, production, and distribution. In order to manage the global or international supply chain in effective and efficient manner, it is required to integrate all supply chain partners in the overall process. Wal-Mart is operating in the industry of international retailing for a couple of years. The company has been in the business of providing different products and goods to the end consumers all over the world. Wal-Mart is known to be one of the largest retail organization in the global industry. Apart from different physical superstores and hypermarkets, Wal-Mart has also entered into the industry or electronic commerce by offering products through online retail stores. Wal-Mart has been able to create the competitive edge in the industry on the basis of considerably low prices. And for this, it has used efficient and effec tive supply chain strategies to increase the responsiveness of the global supply chain and at the same time increase the overall efficiency of the supply chain. Wal-Mart has been able to integrate different stages and partners of the supply chain together with the help of different technological systems like Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system. The supply chain of Wal-Mart is more complicated because of the fact that it has to integrate different manufacturers in the whole process. For example, the let's consider the example of a simple detergent provided by the company. Production is about producing and manufacturing different products and goods. In reference to Wal-Mart, the main function of production is handled by different manufacturers and Wal-Mart focuses on the process of making these products

The Main Principles Of Learning And The Action Theory Essay

The Main Principles Of Learning And The Action Theory - Essay Example Principles of learning are derived from the following learning theories: action, cognitive-gestalt, experiential, facilitation, holistic, reinforcement, sensory stimulation learning theory. In this respect, we shall analyze them according to the theories they are most tightly interwoven with. The main principles of learning based on the action theory state that no effective learning can be presented without proper action-application experience. In most cases small 'action learning sets'** are created in order to give the learners an opportunity of applying their knowledge on practice, making mistakes and learn from them without having to deal with unwanted consequences of their decisions. Cognitive-gestalt learning is based on insights and problem-solving. However, unlike the first theory, it puts stress on the learner’s individual ways of interpreting problem situations. Experiential theory speaks of a four-stage process of learning material (concrete experience, active experimentation, abstract conceptualization, observation, and reflection). A great benefit of this theory is that despite all of the stages are being necessary, an individual can choose (consciously or subconsciously) the most suitable one to contribute more efforts to it. Besides, stages can be repeated one by one as many times as it takes to exclude all of the mistakes. Principles of learning used in a facilitation theory are based on the acknowledgment of the fact that a human being is naturally eager to learn and perfect oneself. Thus, here learning process includes polemics with a teacher in an attempt to find as many answers as possible and, what is more important, to research a topic instead of simply remembering the facts given. Such an approach is commonly used in humanitarian education.

International Marketing - Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Marketing - Theory - Essay Example The purpose of laying importance of marketing and marketing plans in the first paragraph was to narrow down the topic towards marketing strategy, its formulation and its purposes for the firm it self. Now when we talk about strategy planning in marketing, we basically tend to make a match between organizational resources and its goals i.e. what an organization can really do by utilizing its resources and what its managers wanted to do (Kotabe 2007). So the strategy basically matches or ties up both ends of the same string so it could be implemented and formulated. If we delve deeper into the topic we see that marketing strategy formulation is of two types; one is based on the General marketing strategy and the other one is based on decision strategy. I have explained them in the next paragraphs to follow. The company I have chosen for this assignment is Dell Inc., and no body can deny its market share, value and prowess up to this date. I will start with the sector analysis and compa ny analysis and then will move on to the marketing strategies. Dell comes under information technology sector. ... The situation started to get better after 2001 and showed a great improvement after year 2003 when the average salary of a computer employee was more than double than what other people were getting from their respective professions. The industry labor force also increased from nil to 3.1% which broke the records in the US labor force industry as it was a growth of more than 75% as compared to previous records. Growth in the information technology industry is there because of the demand factors all around the world. The demand factors included the invention of nano-technology as more and more industries are heading towards this technology, emerging markets like India coming into the field with better and more IT products with better software programs, rise in demand of computers in the Asian markets, companies around the world are looking for cutting edge techs which is only possible if more and more sophisticated software and hardware are being made. Emerging markets in central and S outh America is also one of the reasons for the boom in this sector (Kerin 2008). Apart from this all, another reason for the boom in this sector is the mergers and acquisitions which took place after the dot com crisis. Those mergers and acquisitions compelled companies to pool in their resources and funnel up their energies so to invest in research and development and come up with new products which would give them a competitive edge (Srivastava 2008). This is also a very pertinent cause to explain and relate to the boom in the information technology sector. This rearrangement in the market made suppliers few in numbers which brought major giants on neck n neck competition with each other. This also lowered the switching costs

The Child Essay Example for Free

The Child Essay Introduction Good afternoon everyone. Today I’m going to talk to you about the high/scope approach in a childcare setting. I’d like to start off by saying for parents I believe a main concern of theirs at this stage of their child’s life if they are sending their child to a childcare setting is finding the best the setting, approach and childcare workers to suit their child needs. High/Scope was established in 1970 by Dr. David P. Weikart, who started the organization to continue research and program activities Dr. Weikart retired in December 2000 and is now deceased; Dr. Lawrence J.Schweinhart is now the HighScope Foundations President. The name High/Scope and its corporate logos are registered trademarks and service marks of the High/Scope Foundation. The high/scope method has being developed over a forty year process it has been shaped by research and while in practice and has been so successful that it is known and used around the world in multiple of childcare settings. For example day care, play groups and primary schools just to name a few. In my opinion the main idea of this approach is that children learn actively independently and naturally while interacting with materials and people. This approach observes, identifies and helps develop children’s main interest and skills. A point in this approach that I found most interesting was their idea that they don’t want the children’s activities to be thought in an institutional manner and if the children make mistakes they are not viewed as mistakes they are viewed as part of learning. The High/Scope environment helps the children to learn while active. For example a child will learn how to talk to others and develop their speech by being involved in conversation with other children and childcare workers. The setting has specific interest areas and activities for example the painting area, home area and block area they are clearly defined so there is no confusing for the children of what that certain area is used for. A block area would not have a little play kitchen in it cause that will confuse the children on what the area is used for. Clear containers are in child height shelving units so they are easily accessible to the children. The containers are clearly word and photo labelled; this will help the children learn the connection between labels, words and  symbols. The children will be able to see what they want and get it without having to look through loads of boxes before finding it for example Bryan wants to play with the blue tractor so he goes to the toy area where the shelves are at his visual height looks at the boxes sees the picture with the tractors on it, the words tractor above it and can get it himself without having to get a childcare worker to look for it or go up high and get it for him, he also can return it after he has finished with it. This encourages the children to practice the Find, Use and Return cycle. The hoped outcome for the children in the setting is that they develop a positive attitude towards themselves and others grow in self-confidence and so on and overall benefit from this approach for their future. ‘A study found that adults at age 40 who had the preschool program had higher earnings, were more likely to hold a job’. Achieving this requires the right environment, materials, trained childcare workers and a successful partnership between both childcare workers and parents. Parent’s involvement is crucial to the high scope approach. The partnership between the parent and the childcare worker will make it easier for the child to be at ease in the setting and with the staff. The childcare workers and the parent’s partnership approach which keeps an on-going passing of information which in turn keeps both adult carers equally informed. Childcare workers document and take daily notes of what they have seen, heard and what has happened while the children are in their care. Observations help the childcare workers plan activities for the next day. For example while the children played with the blocks Anne kept on wandering over to the painting area, so at the activity planning meeting it would be suggested we take Anne’s interest of painting and involve it during the day. Children are assessed daily to observe the level of their development and to see if the activities the children participate in help their development. Children are assessed in ways that the children and adults feel comfortable when information is collected all assessments should provide an educational outcome. The observations are shared with parents at the end of the year and they usually very interested to see how and what their children have been doing. ‘The COR (Child Observation Record) is used to evaluate child progress in High/Scope infant-toddler and preschool programs. The Preschool Program Quality Assessment (PQA) is used to evaluate the quality of the program, focusing on five key areas: learning environment, daily routine, adult-child interaction, and curriculum planning and assessment, and parent involvement. I hoped you enjoyed my presentation. And if you have any question I would be happy to answer them as best as I can. Thank you for listening.

Human - Religion Essay Example for Free

Human Religion Essay I really have to give credit for my religion beliefs for my search on the meaning of life. I’m a fully baptized Catholic, and a part of God’s Church. 17 years of being a Catholic and in search of the meaning of life, I have always thought it is about the Call to Holiness. My religion taught me that being a part of God’s Church is no accident, but because God wanted to share in His own blessed life, and in doing so He wanted me to desire serve Him freely by following His will. And by following his will, God will grant me eternal happiness which will lead to my salvation. All Catholics knew that God sent His son, Jesus, to set an example for us. Jesus showed the perfect example answered the call to Holiness. He showed us that we should love our neighbors as God showed His love for us; and that is what the Call to Holiness is. In search for the true meaning of life, it will take plenty of years, but for now I plan to stick with what my religion has taught me. Carl Rogers Carl Rogers emphasized focused on self-actualization. He believed that a person should develop his/her potential to the fullest, and in good condition. In doing so, the environment of a person should be inherently good. A person will only stop developing if constraints block the development. A fully developed person shows that he/she achieved the highest level of being a right fully-functioning human being. Mahatma Gandhi. Mahatma Gandhi, which means â€Å"great soul,† was an ideologist during the Independent movement of India from the British. As an ideological leader he believed violence should never be an answer to fight for his people’s rights, and should never take discrimination. He also believed that harmony, truth equality exists between all religions. With these 2 influential personas, I have noticed similarities between them. They both talk about human beings having a common good inside of them. They emphasized that all humans were born good, but because of destructive  environment, they tend to turn their backs on what is right. Sources: http://www.simplypsychology.org/carl-rogers.html. http://www.ask.com/question/what-were-gandhi-s-beliefs.

Communication Processes and Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

Communication Processes and Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Introduction Communication is extremely important to organisations and individual alike. The effectiveness of the communication will directly relate to the success of the organisation and the achievements of the individuals within it. Communication in the retail industry is all important to survival and profitability. The successful retailer is constantly developing a network of communication channels to customers, distributors, financial institutions, the government and employees. Each of these groups is composed of people with differing interests and cannot be reached by the same communication channels. Similarly, employees need skills for a range of communication activities that are used a daily in the retail environment. These include written communication, verbal communication and an understanding of non-verbal communication. There is also an increasing need for retailers and staff to adopt and effectively use new communication technology such as integrated computer systems with functions su ch as e-mail, customer data bases and Internet information access. Because communication is a central factor in the emerging knowledge economy and a major consideration for anyone entering todays workforce, we need to look more closely at the total process of communication. Purposes of communication are the transmission of information and meaning from one individual or group to another. The crucial element in this definition is meaning. Communication has as its central objective the transmission of meaning. The process of communication is successful only when the receiver understands an idea as the sender intended it. Both parties must agree not only on the information transmittee but also on the meaning of that information. Communication Process Sender Has Idea The process of communication begins when the person with whom the message originates the sender has an idea. The form of the idea will be influenced by complex factors surrounding the senders mood, frame of reference, background, culture, and physical makeup, as well we the context of the situation and many other factors. The way you greet people on campus or on the job, for example, depends a lot on how you feel, whom you are addressing (a classmate, a professor, a colleague, or your boss), and what your culture has trained you to say (Good morning, Hey, Hi, Howdy, or How ya doing?). The form of idea, whether a simple greeting or a complex idea, is shaped by assumptions based on the senders experiences. A manager sending an e-mail announcement to employees assumes that will be receptive, whereas direct-mail advertisers assume that receivers will give only a quick glance to their message. The ability to accurately predict how a message will affect its receiver and skill in adapting that message to its receiver are key factors in successful communication. Sender Encodes Idea in Message The next step in the communication process involves encoding. This means converting the idea into words or gestures that will convey meaning. A major problem in communicating any message verbally is that words have different meanings for different people. When misunderstood, skilled communicators choose familiar words with concrete meanings on which both senders and receivers agree. In selecting proper symbols, senders must be alert to the receivers communication skills, attitudes, background, experiences, and culture. Message Travels Over Channel The medium over which the message is physically transmitted is the channel. Messages may be delivered by computer, telephone, cell phone, letter, memorandum, report, announcement, picture, spoken word, fax, Web page, or through some other channel. Because communication channels deliver both verbal and nonverbal messages, senders must choose the channel and shape the message carefully. A company may use its annual report, for example, as a channel to deliver many messages to stockholders. The verbal message lies in the reports financial and organization news. Nonverbal messages, though, are conveyed by the reports appearance (showy versus bland), layout (ample white space versus tightly packed columns of print), and tone (conversational versus formal). Anything that interrupts the transmission of a message in the communication process is called noise. Channel noise rangers from static that disrupts a telephone conversation to typographical and spelling errors in a letter or e-mail message. Such errors damage the credibility of the sender. Channel noise might even include the annoyance a receiver feels when the sender chooses an improper medium for sending a message, such as announcing a loan rejection via postcard or firing an employee by e-mail. Receiver Decodes Message The individual for whom the message is intended is the receiver. Translating the message from its symbol form into meaning involves decoding. Only when the receiver understands the meaning intended by the sender that is, successfully decodes the message does communication take place. Such success, however, is difficult to achieve because no two people share the same life experiences and because many barriers can disrupt the process. Decoding can be disrupted internally by the receivers lack of attention to or bias against the sender. It can be disrupted externally by loud sounds or illegible words. Decoding can also be sidetracked by semantic obstacles, such as misunderstood words or emotional reactions to certain terms. A memo that refers to all the women in an office as girls or chicks, for example, may disturb its receivers so much that they fail to comprehend the total message. Feedback Travels to Sender The verbal and nonverbal responses of the receiver create feedback, a vital part of the communication process. Feedback helps the sender know that the message was received and understood. If, as a receiver, you hear the message Hoe are you, your feedback might consist of words (Im fine) or body language (a smile or a wave of the hand). Although the receiver may respond with additional feedback to the sender (thus creating a new act of communication), we will concentrate here on the initial message flowing to the receiver and the resulting feedback. Senders can encourage feedback by asking questions such as, Am I making myself clear? And is there anything you dont understand? Senders can further improve feedback by timing the delivery appropriately and by providing only as much information as the receiver can handle. Receivers can improve the process by paraphrasing the senders message with comments, such as, Let me try to explain that in my own words. The best feedback is descriptive rather than evaluate. For example, heres a descriptive response. I understand you want to launch a used gold ball business. Heres an evaluative response. Your business ideas are always goofy. An evaluative response is judgemental and doesnt tell the sender whether the receiver actually understood the message. Common forms of communication use in hospitality and tourism industry there are: Auditory communication Visual communication Tactile communication Multichannel communication Auditory communication is where messages are perceived through the sense of hearing. Words, music, sounds and noises take part in this type of communication. In the hospitality sector we can establish auditory communication through different media according to activity and objectives such as: direct conversation or face to face communication, phone conversation and radio broadcasting. Visual communication is where messages are perceived through sight. Sign, gesture and images are very important when communicating. There are different media such as, letters, complaint forms, contracts, invoices, labels and leaflets. Tactile communication is where messages are perceived through the sense of touch. Affection is conveyed through tactile sensations. Shaking hands or tapping someones shoulder can have positive or negative effects, so it is necessary to be very respectful in this matter and know cultural conventions. There are different mediums such as greetings at meetings and negotiations. Multichannel communication is where messages are perceived through different senses at a time. There are different media through which this is possible such as television, video and computer. Conclusion Managers need complete and correct information in order to perform their functions efficiently and effectively. If such information is not properly communicated, the whole organisation suffers from mismanagement. For instance, business planning, requires information on available resources, strength of competitors, government policies, and other external factors. Such information provides very important inputs for management to be able to formulate the right objectives and strategies for achieving its goal. Proper communication is again needed. Decision-making is a crucial function of management. It greatly depends on accurate information. Wrong information means wrong decisions; hence, the need for proper communication. Likewise, good communication is needed in controlling. However, it is in leading or directing where effective communication is most needed. People have to be influenced or motivated to think and move towards the right directions; to achieve peak performance; and to act in consonance with the culture of the organization. These clearly require a lot of communication. Managers do not only deal with their peers and subordinates, but also with customers, suppliers, and bankers. Their success in dealing with the said outsiders greatly depends on their ability to communicate. Customers are No.1 in any business organization. Without customers, there is no business. To create customers and satisfy them are certainly big jobs for communication. These require proper planning, organizing, and implementation of marketing strategies. All the said activities depend on effective communication. Introduction Motivation is to supply a motive to and also be the motive of. The willingness to exert high levels of effort to organisational goals, conditioned by the efforts ability to satisfy some individual needs. It is also to cause a person to act in a particular way. Stimulate the interest of a person in an activity. This definition is a good example of the problems associated with the concept of motivation. In essence, there seem to be two conflicting views of motivation. In one way, the definition indicates that motivation is where someone (perhaps a team leader) causes someone else (a team member) to act in a certain way. In other way, it appears that motivation is something that someone uses as a motive for doing things. This apparent conflict reflects an ongoing debate research into motivation. Traditional views of leadership and motivation reflected a passive view of motivation. In effect, people required strong leaders to motivate them towards certain goals. If someone says they are demotivated and we offer them a bag of cash or threaten to sack them, and then they get on with the task in hand, what has happened? This approach to motivation implies that the leader had to motivate his or her team member through various rewards and/or punishments. Motivation is described, usually, as intentional. That is, motivation is assumed to be under the workers control, and behaviours that are influenced by motivation, such as effort expended, are seen as choices of action. One can look at motivation as a deficiency, a need that must be fulfilled. Hunger is a motivation- it is an internal force, food. Before you can motivate your staff, you must first understand what motivates each employee in his or her specific job position. As a manager with human resources responsibilities it is easy to realize that differences exist between what motivates hourly and management employees. What makes a job interesting to a group of hourly employees is different from what makes a job interesting to a group of managers. Furthermore, what one employee may find interesting may not be of any interest to another employee. No matter what, there will be some jobs in the hospitality industry that just cannot be made interesting. There are some motivation theories that the organization must understand in order to motivate their employees to excel at their jobs. Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, Abraham identified the whys of motivation theory. His theory (Hierarchy of Needs) states that man is motivated by satisfying a set of needs common to all individuals. In ascending order of importance these are: Physiological needs (food, clothing, and shelter). Safety/security needs (freedom from fear of losing job, clothing and shelter). Acceptance needs (to belong and be accepted by others). Esteem needs (status, prestige, and power). Self-actualization needs (maximize ones potential). Maslow believed that until the physiological needs are satisfied, the other would not serve as motivators. Furthermore, once a need is met, it no longer acts as a motivator, and another need takes its place. One of the problems with Maslows theory is that although it works in life situations, it is not applicable to work settings. Hertzbergs two-factor theory identified job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction as separate elements that are not polar opposites of each other. The two-factor concept states that job factors generally regarded as motivators should actually be divided into two groups: one consisting of motivation factors (or satisfiers) and one consisting of maintenance factors (dissatisfies or hygiene). Because job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction do not balance each other out, the elimination of a dissatisfier does not necessarily lead to job satisfaction. Motivation factors include such conditions as recognition, achievement, advancement, and responsibility. Hygiene factors include working conditions, company policies, and salary. One of Hertzbergs major conclusions was that money was not a motivator. Hertzberg believes that if motivation factors are present in the workplace, employees will be motivated; if such factors are not present, then motivation will not occur. If hygiene factors are present, then employees will be satisfied with their work; if such factors are not present, then employees will be dissatisfied. Hygiene factors in no way affect motivation, whether they are present or absent. Expectancy theory is one of the more implementable motivation theories. The theory states that a person will be motivated when the individual perceives a link between what he or she is doing and the expected reward. The higher the effort, the greater the reward and vice versa. It is important that the reward is attainable and that your human resources will feel rewarded for the effort they produce. Pay-for-performance compensation systems operate on this principle. Fixed hourly wages and salaries do not motivate because there is no link between effort and reward. For the reward to operate as a motivator, the employee must value attainment of the reward, the employee must see a link between his or her work efforts and receiving the reward, and the individual must possess the abilities and skills to do the job. Money as a motivator, the motivational value of money may change after a persons basic needs have been reasonably well satisfied. Because human beings have a way of continually redefining their needs, whether money will motivate is to some degree a matter of the amount the employee is already earning. Therefore, while some people will be more motivated to work for money, companies find that for most employees other things are equally, if not more important. Job enrichment, Hertzberg proposed the idea of job enrichment as a reaction to the KITA (kick-in-the-ass) motivational approach there are most managers practicing. Job enrichment is based on that the only way to motivate employees is to give them challenging work in which they can assume responsibility. This strategy includes modifying jobs so that they are more meaningful and give the employee an opportunity for recognition and greater responsibility. Motivational effectiveness, there is no consensus on how best to motivate your work force. As a human resources manager, consideration needs to be given to several factors that involve human resources functions other than development. Selection procedures need to be effective so that individuals are places in job positions that they are capable of performing. Training programs must be effective in ensuring that our employees have the necessary skills, and evaluation procedures must be in place to monitor employees performance. Compensation practices needs to be developed that link performance and pay. Furthermore, these practices must all be viewed as fair; that poor performance is not tolerated, high performance is recognized. If your work force is to be motivated, they must believe that extra effort and superior performance is of benefit to them. Rewards do not have to be monetary. Flexible work hours, recognized achievement, increased responsibility, and the opportunity to develop personal and career goals work directly toward a motivated work force has to create desire, commitment, and confidence in your employees. Communication channels have to be open and organizational goals clearly defined. Conclusion There is always an interesting group of drives in every human being that determines how we interact with the world around us. The basic survival drives, like the need for food and water, are not as evident in the workplace as some of our other instincts-our need for activity, curiosity, and manipulation. People need to be active. The level of activity we seek differs tremendously, but, generally, people dislike being confined in a small space with nothing to do. People also have a drive to explore new and unknown places and stimuli. We have a preference for complexity over simplicity, because complexity is more interesting. We also have a tendency to enjoy manipulation; we want to touch, play with, and handle specific objects. These very basic needs have far-reaching implications for the design of jobs and of workplaces. No wonder boring, repetitive, or make-work jobs, even if they are easy, lead to burn out frustration, and even sabotage (just to liven things up.)

Controlling Thought: War Propaganda in Nazi Germany and Contemporary A

Controlling Thought: War Propaganda in Nazi Germany and Contemporary America The parallels between the propaganda tactics of contemporary America and Nazi Germany are too obvious to go undocumented. For the purposes of this paper, â€Å"propaganda† will be understood as any attempt of a government to control and/or change the attitudes of its citizens. From this liberal definition, I will analyze the relationship between Nazi Germany and contemporary America with respect to various methods of propagating government interests. As suggested by Hermann Goering, Minister of Economics and Commander-in-chief of the air force of Nazi Germany, the successful propaganda techniques will be compared with respect to denunciation of the peacemakers, glorification of patriotism, and instillation of fear. Also, deemphasizing the significance of the international community, glorifying military might, creating detention centers for the blamed, and devaluing the loss of life will be explained through the lens of propaganda. All of these methods were suc cessful in gaining wide-spread public support for aggressive military action in Nazi Germany and are successful also in contemporary America. There is a formula for effective war propaganda. Both the Nazi party and the Bush administration used and do use the same, successful, war propaganda techniques. Hitler did not start out as a successful propagandist. He admits to his early failures of effectively publicizing Nazi ideals in a favorable light. However, he did notice the advantages of successful propaganda early on. â€Å"Ever since I have been scrutinizing political events, I have taken a tremendous interest in propagandist activity.†[1] After learning about politi... ...ley, Lenoard. The Reich Marshal, A Biography of Hermann Goering. Doubleday & Company Inc., New York, 1974. Over, R.J. Goering The Iron Man. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1984. Office of the Press Secretary. â€Å"Homeland Security Presidential Directive - 3† The White House homepage. March 12, 2003. http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/03/20020312-5.html Shore, Zachary. What Hitler Knew. Oxford University Press, New York, 2003. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [1] Hitler, Mein Kampf, Vol. 1, Chapter 6 [2] Hitler, Mein Kampf, Vol. 1, Chapter 6 [3] G.M. Gilbert, Nuremberg Diaries. [4] Office of the Press Secretary News Release [5] Overy, p231. [6] Hitler, Vol. 1, Chapter 6 [7] Shore, p85. [8] Churchill, p55. [9] Langer. [10] Lichtblau [11] Lichtblau Controlling Thought: War Propaganda in Nazi Germany and Contemporary A Controlling Thought: War Propaganda in Nazi Germany and Contemporary America The parallels between the propaganda tactics of contemporary America and Nazi Germany are too obvious to go undocumented. For the purposes of this paper, â€Å"propaganda† will be understood as any attempt of a government to control and/or change the attitudes of its citizens. From this liberal definition, I will analyze the relationship between Nazi Germany and contemporary America with respect to various methods of propagating government interests. As suggested by Hermann Goering, Minister of Economics and Commander-in-chief of the air force of Nazi Germany, the successful propaganda techniques will be compared with respect to denunciation of the peacemakers, glorification of patriotism, and instillation of fear. Also, deemphasizing the significance of the international community, glorifying military might, creating detention centers for the blamed, and devaluing the loss of life will be explained through the lens of propaganda. All of these methods were suc cessful in gaining wide-spread public support for aggressive military action in Nazi Germany and are successful also in contemporary America. There is a formula for effective war propaganda. Both the Nazi party and the Bush administration used and do use the same, successful, war propaganda techniques. Hitler did not start out as a successful propagandist. He admits to his early failures of effectively publicizing Nazi ideals in a favorable light. However, he did notice the advantages of successful propaganda early on. â€Å"Ever since I have been scrutinizing political events, I have taken a tremendous interest in propagandist activity.†[1] After learning about politi... ...ley, Lenoard. The Reich Marshal, A Biography of Hermann Goering. Doubleday & Company Inc., New York, 1974. Over, R.J. Goering The Iron Man. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1984. Office of the Press Secretary. â€Å"Homeland Security Presidential Directive - 3† The White House homepage. March 12, 2003. http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/03/20020312-5.html Shore, Zachary. What Hitler Knew. Oxford University Press, New York, 2003. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [1] Hitler, Mein Kampf, Vol. 1, Chapter 6 [2] Hitler, Mein Kampf, Vol. 1, Chapter 6 [3] G.M. Gilbert, Nuremberg Diaries. [4] Office of the Press Secretary News Release [5] Overy, p231. [6] Hitler, Vol. 1, Chapter 6 [7] Shore, p85. [8] Churchill, p55. [9] Langer. [10] Lichtblau [11] Lichtblau

The Evolution of Ichthyosaurs- Large Aquatic Reptiles Essay -- Anthrop

The Evolution of Ichthyosaurs- Large Aquatic Reptiles In the early 1800’s, a new discovery that left paleontologists in awe was the fossil finding of the immeasurable amount of species of reptiles, Ichthyosaurs. Greek for â€Å"fish lizards†, these fossils were found all over the world. Because these large aquatic reptiles migrated just as whales do today, paleontologists have had the amazing advantage of collecting fascinating bone fragments throughout the past 177 years. Ichthyosaurs swam the ocean life from about 245 million until about 90 million years ago- approximately the same time dinosaurs ruled the land. The earliest Ichthyosaur fossil findings were in parts of Canada, China, Japan, and possibly Thailand. Countless fossils came from coatings of limestone produced out of the ocean-floor ooze that was predominantly superior at preserving very well facts of the creatures it digested (Perkins 2). Andrea Fildani and Michael Shultz, graduate students in the Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, uncovered the bones of an Ichthyosaur near the southernmost tip of Chilean Patagonia. These rock layers were initially deposited at the floor of an ocean more than 100 million years ago. In their findings of the Chilean boulder, they were fortunate enough to find 17 vertebrae along with neural arches that encircle the spinal cord as well as some ribs. Paleontologists firmly agreed with Fildani’s notion that the bones had been 8 to 9 feet long and had existed around 140 million years ago (Mason 1). As time progressed, Ichthyosaurs transitioned their body like features from a lizard-shaped body plan to a fish-shaped one through the early and middle Triassic periods. In 1927, the first bone fragments were foun... ...tyles in Jurassic ichthyosaurs†. Journal of Vertebrae Paleontology 21 (No. 1): 61-73. Mason, Betsy. â€Å"Ichthyosaur find may challenge notions about prehistoric migrations†. Stanford Report.com 7 February 2003. 20 March 2004. < http://news service.stanford.edu/news/2003/february12/ichthyosaur-25.html> Motani, Ryosuke. â€Å"Rulers of the Jurassic Seas†. ScientificAmerican.com 19 December 2000. 22 March 2004. Perkins, Sid. â€Å"Sea Dragons†. Science News Online 162 (No. 8): 1-11. 24 Aug. 2002. Pickrell, John. â€Å"Ichthyosaur’s Turtle Supper Causes Extinction Debate†. National Geographic News.com 5 August 2003. 22 March 2004.

Miguel De Cervantes :: essays research papers

Miguel de Cervantes Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, born September 29, 1547, was a Spanish novelist, dramatist, and poet. Cervantes was the author of the novel Don Quixote, a masterpiece of world literature that was a great influence to other renaissance writers. Cervantes was born to a poor family in a town called Alcala de Henares. His father was a surgeon who made little money to support the family . Without the means for much formal education, Cervantes became a soldier. On his return to Spain he worked at a series of government jobs that involved extensive travel in Andalucia. (Funk & Wagnalls Encyclopedia) . His career as a public servant was marked by as much misfortune as was his military career. Not till his later years did Cervantes find a patron. It was then that he had the time to devote to his writing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cervantes was a literary experimenter. In 1568, when Cervantes was a student, a number of his poems appeared in a volume published in Madrid to commemorate the death of the Spanish queen Elizabeth of Valois. In 1569 he went to Rome, where in the following year he entered the service of Cardinal Giulio Acquaviva. Soon afterward Cervantes joined a Spanish regiment in Naples. He fought in 1571 against the Turks in the naval battle in Lepanto, in which he lost the use of his left hand. While returning to Spain in 1575, Cervantes was captured by Barbary pirates. He was taken to Algeria as a slave and held there for ransom. (Funk & Wagnalls Encyclopedia). He did however make several unsuccessful escape attempts, but he was finally ransomed in 1580 by his family and friends. Returning to Spain at the age of 33, Cervantes, despite his wartime service and Algerian adventure, was unable to obtain employment with a noble family. This was usually the gift presented to military veterans for their distinguished courage. Deciding to become a writer, he turned out poems and plays at a prodigious rate between 1582 and 1585 (Funk & Wagnalls Encyclopedia). Few of these are still existent. His pastoral novel La Galatea (1585) gained him a reputation, but the proceeds from its sale were insufficient to support him. Cervantes then took government jobs, first furnishing goods to the fleet of the Armada and later collecting taxes. The government imprisoned him several times because he failed to give a satisfactory explanation of his tax-collecting activities. While in prison Cervantes conceived the idea for a story about a madman who imagines himself a knight-errant performing the splendid feats described in medieval tales of chivalry.

Kate’s children Essay

It is a dark damp day; the rain is beating down on the corrugated iron of my four-roomed cottage on Condobolin Road. It is still early hours, however my husband William has already left to visit his parents Frederick and Mary on their property, as the wind and rain has brought down two of their great gum trees. My children are still sleeping soundly. I am not feeling well again today, I have not felt well since Maggie’s death, some two years ago. My head has not felt right; it tells me to do things that women shouldn’t even think of. I am not a well human being; I do not feel anymore, this haunts me. I feel great remorse and pity for myself. I am however fit to right my story, my life. My name is Catherine Ada Foster, however I am better known as Kate Kelly, sister of the renowned Ned Kelly. I was born in Beveridge on the 12th of July 1863, as the seventh child born to my parents John ‘Red’ Kelly and Ellen Quinn. Mary, the eldest is the sister I never knew, as she passed away at infancy. Second born was Anne then came Edward- everyone knowing him as Ned, then Margaret, James and Daniel. At the young age of just three years old in 1866, many events took place that changed my life; my little sister Grace came into the world around the same time we as a family moved to Avenel. That year my father John Kelly also passed away of dropsy, an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the body tissues, or cavities causing swelling or distension of the affected parts. This left my mother a widow and seven children fatherless, so we moved in with my aunt in Greta. After living there for twelve months, mother took up her own selection on the Eleven-Mile-Creek in the Glenrowan district, and there we moved into a newly erected two-roomed hut built by Ned. In Greta, I attended school and upon finishing I spent my time helping mother with the younger children, as she had remarried George King in 1874, and had two more children, Ellen and John- making a family of eleven, most of us being exceptional horsemen. It was just five years before in 1969 when Ned was first bought before the police court for two cases, at just fifteen years of age. He was charged with assault of a fowl and pig dealer named Ah Fook, and secondly aiding a bushranger, Harry Power, in some of his robberies. Luckily for Ned and Mother, he was found not guilty in both cases. However before the end of that year, Ned was convicted again for assault and indecent behaviour resulting in six months hard labor. Our family name was becoming well known around our area, as the police were giving us a bad name for petty things my older brother did. When Ned was released from prison, just three weeks later he received a beautiful brown mare off a friend he met during his labor times. However the police were on to him and arrested Ned as the horse was stolen, Ned had no idea of this, but this didn’t seem to matter to the police as he received three years hard labor. I was about fifteen years of age when the suitor Constable Alexander Fitzpatrick became attracted to me. He did not have a good name for himself, already fathering two children to different mothers. He tried to pose as a friend of the family, however my brothers were not fools to be reckoned with, and they did not trust him. On the 15th of April 1878, Fitzpatrick rode up to our house and Dan went outside. He asked Dan to go to Greta with him, as he had a warrant for stealing Whitty’s horses. Dan refused and asked to see the warrant, and Fitzpatrick said he had none. My mother told Fitzpatrick he had no business on her premises so he pulled out his revolver and said he would blow her brains out if she interfered. Mother said that Ned was present and he would come out and ram the revolver down his throat. It was obvious that Fitzpatrick had been drinking. As he was sitting on the stool waiting for Dan to finish his meal, I in my course of duties passed by him and he tried to kiss me. All my brothers tried to stop him. Fitzpatrick was drunk, they were sober but his story was believed above ours. He stated that my mother had struck him with a fire shovel, Dan had beaten him and Ned had shot him in the wrist and wounded him. He also incriminated William Williamson and Maggies husband William Skillion who he insisted on being there when the incident took place. The outcome resulted in long harsh sentences for mother, and our neighbours Skillion and Williamson. Ned and Dan hadn’t waited for their arrest and fled into the Wombat Ranges. 1 I was very angry that even the doctor who attended Fitzpatrick’s wounds, did not confirm that there was a bullet wound, and also that there was a strong smell of liquor on his breath.

Bankers Perception on Islamic Banking

Shari’a supervision plays an essential role in the governance of IFIs. It has different forms at macro and micro levels. (Chris Pierce, 1988) Deposits are strictly not considered as loans in the Islamic sense. If it is in the form of money, then he has an obligation to pay Zakat out of it. If these deposits are indeed loans, then it is the banks which should pay zakat on them. In reality,the banks make the depositors pay the zakat , which is injustice. (Alexandra R, Hardie & M. Rabooy, 1991) M. Norain, Ariffin, & M Adnan explained the perceptions and awareness among bankers in Islamic banks is essential to enhance corporate social responsibility. M. Norain, Ariffin, & M Adnan explained that to fulfill the Islamic needs of the society, proper policies have been developed so that there will be no recurring problems in the future relating to the banking system and investment. M. Norain, Ariffin, & M Adnan suggested that Islamic organizations, Islamic banks are accountable to Alla h and to the communities in which they operate and have a duty to be transparent in all their activities. Ethical investment now recently become an issue in the West, and it is very important in the Islamic world and Islamic Banks must work on these principles which fulfill the needs and commitment to the bankers. (Alexandra R. Hardie and M. Rabooy 1991) a serious question arises that whether Islamic Banks are keeping to the rules about partnerships. In this context some scholars believe that the working partner in mudaraba should not mix the capital of the various suppliers of funds; if this is done then the problem is very serious for the Banks, (Alexandra R. Hardie and M. Rabooy, 1991) Malaysian banks experience economies and annual productivity change on a big scale. The latter productivity estimates indicate that full-fledged Islamic banks have overcome some of these cost disadvantages with passage of time. Mariani Abdul-Majida, David S. Saalb,* and Giuliana Battistic (2010) The separation of Islamic from conventional banking services may allow managers to better focus on improving the cost efficiency of Islamic banking where as in the short run, the new Islamic banks will suffer manyr transitional problems. Mariani Abdul-Majida, David S. Saalb,* and Giuliana Battistic (2010) M. Khan & A. Mirakhor (1991) describes economic system which is based on Islamic principles is permanently have the prohibition on the payment and receipt of interest. This restriction makes Islamic banks different from financial institutions in many ways. Islamic banking system in Pakistan was adopted in such a manner to leave the intermediation role of the banking system undisturbed. Where as the banking system in Iran is used as an instrument for achieving the goals and objectives of the Islamic revolution. M. Khan and A. Mirakhor, 1991) Islamic Law prohibits charging interest. financial instruments used by Islamic banks are not based on profit-and-loss sharing (equity) but, debt like instruments are a rational response by Islamic banks to their contracting environments and debt becomes the dominant instrument. (K. Aggarwal & Yousaf, 2000) Egypt's Islamic banks, while observing certain Islamic precepts in their operations, in order to improve their status, these banks fulfils their social mission by enabling their customers according to Islamic needs. Elizabeth Mayer, 1985) Use of existing Islamic financial instruments such as zero coupons bonds, paper for trade finance and unitised securities. There is a need to encourage secondary market development so that instruments can be traded effectively. (Rodney Wilson, 1991) The scope for development of Islamic financial products is vast enough, such products can play a major role not only facilitating the muslim countries but widely promoting the economic advancement. (Ro dney Wilson, 1991)

Racism against black people Essay

Slavery in the United States began after English colonists first settled Virginia and lasted until the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1865. The American colonies were established with the idea of freedom and liberty to all but has change into racism. Now, racism against African Americans in America has been a huge problem in the south. Slavery in the United States began soon after English colonists first settled Virginia and lasted until the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1865. The 19th century saw a hardening of institutionalized racism and legal discrimination against citizens of African descent in the United States. Although technically able to vote, poll taxes, acts of terror (often perpetuated by groups like the KKK) and discriminatory laws kept African Americans disenfranchised, particularly in the South. During this time, segregation, racial discrimination and expressions of white supremacy all increased, as did anti-black violence such as lynching and race riots. Racism, which had been viewed primarily as a problem in the Southern states, burst onto the national consciousness following the Great Migration, the relocation of millions of African Americans from their roots in the Southern states to the industrial centers of the North after World War I. This took place particularly in cities such as Boston, Chicago and New York (Harlem). In northern cities, racial tensions exploded most violently in Chicago. The 1950s and 1960s saw the peaking of the American Civil Rights Movement with the desegregation of schools in 1954 and the organizing of widespread protests across the nation under a younger generation of leaders. Martin Luther King was a catalyst for many nonviolent protests in the 1960s, which led to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The act prohibited discrimination in public facilities, in government and in employment and invalidating the Jim Crow laws (which mandated segregation in all public facilities, with a â€Å"separate but equal† status for black Americans and other non-white racial groups) in the southern United States. It became illegal to force segregation of the races in schools, housing or  hiring. This signified a change in the social acceptance of racism that had been written into American law and an increase in the number of opportunities available for people of color in the United States. However, African American poverty and education inequalities continue and have deepened in the post-industrial era.

Learning Experiences Essay

The value of education undoubtedly depends on the purpose behind it. Activities also give the child new abilities, and allow him/her to discover abilities never known to have existed before, or strengthen skills that naturally exist in any human being. When a child is born, the child learns by interacting with the world around him/her, and this is the foundation for building the child’s intellectually abilities as well as the child’s personality, emotionally and socially (Mahapatra, 2009). This paper focuses on the learning experiences that a child acquires from various activities, as dictated by the child’s age. In this study, there are 5 age groups that would be considered. The first stage is the stage of ‘younger babies, the ‘older babies,’ the ‘toddler stage,’ the ‘kindy stage,’ and the last stage, the ‘preschoolers. ’ In this paper, the researcher would like to discuss the teaching strategies to be used, including all the considerations to be involved when it comes to teaching organisation. Young babies †¢ Young babies are children whose age is categorized as babies who are of 6 months old from the time when they are born. †¢ During this stage, the baby shall learn basic activities such as learning to sit on his/her own and learning to explore the world using his/her hands. Other senses are also at play since the child is naturally curious about the world and will use his/her sense to learn. At this stage, babies tend to use their mouths as well to explore things, which is why it is important that they be given toys that are not hazardous and will not cause choking. Some toys have been specifically designed for a baby’s learning purpose and these toys are safe to be kept in the mouth. †¢ Activities that can benefit a child’s learning experience can be aided by toys. Learning resources can start with toys that can be placed in the child’s crib, such as colourful mobiles, as well as toys that can be squeezed, such as musical toys. Other toys can be toys that require the child to use his/her body muscles to push and pull, in order to stimulate the child’s grabbing and grasping skills (Henig, 2008). †¢ As a teacher, it is important that the child be given materials to encourage him/her to be aware of his/her senses, what they are for and how to use them. For instance, the child can be given a musical ball, which the child has to squeeze in order for sounds to be heard. †¢ The learning experience of the child can be evaluated by the kinds of toys that stimulates the child’s brain. For instance, the teacher or the caregiver can provide a variety of toys for the child to play with, and depending on what toy the child picks up the most, the teacher can decide what toy appeals more to the child. If the child picks up the musical toy more often, it means that the sound that the ball makes appeals to the child’s senses. Older Babies †¢ Older babies are approximately aged from 6 to 15 months. †¢ At this stage, babies are able to develop their problem solving skills as they continue learning about a variety of new objects. They are also more able to understand people, and at this stage, the child starts to constantly seek for independence, and they try to develop their own self-esteem. Toys are also more played with, since the child starts to learn how to play ‘properly. ’ For instance, when a child is given toy blocks, or toys such as Lego, the child is actually able to build ‘something’ out of these blocks. In addition to this, the child is also more curious, so providing the child with a play area complete with swings, slides and other play structures encourages active play. †¢ Activities that could be advised for a child of this stage could be providing a child with a puzzle to complete. The teacher could provide the child with a cardboard jigsaw puzzle where the child has to form the pieces together in order to make a picture. This activity helps stimulates mind activity in the child, while wooden puzzles also stimulate sensory discrimination as well as the development of the child’s eyes and hands. An environment such as a playground could give the child enough room to set up his/her own dramatic scene, along with his/her own playmates. The teacher can provide the child with materials such as costumes in order for the child to be more creative in role playing. †¢ The teacher’s responsibility at this point is just to observe the child’s activities and not to actually help the child to do the right thing. This way, the child can have more freedom to express himself/ herself. Toddlers †¢ Toddlers are aged from 15 to 36 months. †¢ At this stage, toddlers are fascinated by household objects, the different shapes of objects and their textures. It is also at this stage where the toddler’s motor skills develop at a fast rate, and this is the stage where the greatest changes in a child’s life and the child’s mind happens. Furthermore, the child is able to express himself/herself more (University of Georgia, 2007). †¢ For this stage, the teacher can coordinate an activity that allows the child to use his sense of sound better, while also developing the child’s creativity level at a faster rate. The teacher could create a fun experience for the toddler by allowing the child to use a variety of cooking utensils for the child to play with. Pots, pans, and cans can be used, and the child can be given wooden utensils so he/she can make a personalized instrument and bang the items together to make his/her own rhythm. A rhythm game can also be played where the teacher can play a certain rhythm and have the child copy it and repeat it accordingly (Tomlinson, 2008). †¢ This activity stimulates the child’s response to sounds, and the teacher can begin to teach the child new words such as ‘beat,’ or ‘drum,’ to talk about the activity itself, or the teacher can teach the child descriptive words to allow the child to express his/her feelings while performing the activity. At this stage, the teacher helps the child be more familiar with shapes, textures, smells and even taste. Kindy Stage †¢ This stage is concerned with kids who are aged approximately 36 to 52 months. †¢ This is the kindergarten stage, where the child has begun to talk, sing and dance. This is also the stage where the child is supposed to be taught how to read since the child can already understand some concepts about the world. Children at this stage may start to struggle at first with reading. Therefore it is advised that the teacher or the caregiver read to the child every day. This way, the child can begin to realize that reading is a fun activity, and the child is also able to use his/her imagination as the adult reads to him/her. †¢ Learning how to read starts with a child’s ears. An activity that a teacher can do for the child would be to read a story to the child and to ask the child questions regarding the story. For instance, after reading a story about animals, the teacher can use the help of pictures with animals on them, as well as cards containing the names of these animals. The child’s task is to attach each word card to the picture it corresponds with. †¢ This way, the child is able to be familiarize himself/herself with new vocabulary, new situations and experiences, and the child can even match what he/she learns from reading to what he/she sees, hears, touches, and taste in real life (Cooper & Cooper, 2008). Preschoolers †¢ Preschoolers are from the age of 48 to 52 months old. †¢ At this stage, children can recall concepts easier, and also familiar words. They can also understand new words and new concepts better and can understand the meanings of basic words such as ‘over,’ and ‘under’ (Child Development Institute, LLC, 2008). When it comes to mathematical concepts such as addition and subtraction, there exists a pervasive relationship between a child’s understanding and the child’s procedural skills. Procedural knowledge refers to the child’s skills that are required in order to solve mathematical problems. †¢ For this stage, the teacher can do an activity by using materials such as marbles. The teacher can lay out the marbles on the ground and ask the child to count them. The teacher can then take away a number of these marbles and ask the child to count the marbles again. This way, the child can understand the meaning of subtraction, while the teacher can teach addition by adding more marbles to the pile and asking the student to count them. The teacher can first demonstrate how it is done first so that the child can easily follow. †¢ Such an activity helps the child to clearly understand the meaning of both addition and subtraction, as well as helping him/her to recite the numbers more often. This way, the child is also made familiar with more numbers. †¢ The teacher’s duty is to ensure that the child is able to count properly, as well as add properly and subtract properly. Previous stages allowed the child to have the freedom to perform in any way the child wants. At this age, however, the teacher should introduce the child to correct mathematical concepts so the child is able to retain in his/her mind such information (Geary et al. 2000) †¢ Such mathematical drills should be performed time and time again so that the child will not easily forget. The teacher can evaluate the child’s performance by repeating the exercise again and again, giving way for the child to make mistakes. For all the activities mentioned, it would help the teacher as well to use the reward system when a child performs well. This is especially advised for children who may be stubborn and require a little ‘pushing’ in order to perform accordingly or better. It must also be noted that children cannot be expected to learn quickly so the teacher must be patient and should help the child do so (Fendrich et al. 1993) References Child Development Institute, LLC. 2008. Language development in children, on January 15 2009, from http://www. childdevelopmentinfo.com/development/language_development. shtml Cooper, T. & Cooper, S. (2009) Teaching reading: Part One, retrieved on January 15 2009 from http://www. teaching-children-to-read. net/ Fendrich, D. W, Healy, A & Bourne, L (1993) Mental arithmetic: Training and retention of multiplication skill, Cognitive Psychology Applied, pp. 116-133. Geary, D, Hamson, C & Hoard, M (2000) Numerical and arithmetical cognition: A longitudinal study of process and concept deficits in children with learning disability, Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 77, pp. 236-263. Henig, R. (Februaru 17 2008) Taking play seriously, New York Times Magazine, p. 38. Mahapatra, A. (January 11 2009) Activity leads to learning, The Hindu. Tomlinson, P. (2008) Psychological theory and pedagogical effectiveness: The learning promotion potential network, British Journal of Educational Psychology, 78, pp. 507-526. University of Georgia (2007) Learning and development: infants birth to 12 months. Better Brains for Babies, retrieved January 15, 2009 from http://www. fcs. uga. edu/bbbgeorgia/childDev_00-12. php