Venetian Prejudice - Literature Essay Samples

Enter the Jew. In this way does Shakespeare usher the character Shylock into his play The Merchant of Venice, and here begins the greatest controversy that plagues this work. The Elizabethan era, the time in which Shakespeare lived, was a time brimming with hostility toward Jews. Elizabeths own court doctor, a Portuguese Jew, was condemned to death (unjustly, history says) after rumor spread that he might assassinate the queen. Shakespeares own peer playwright, Christopher Marlowe, had already written The Jew of Malta, a play full of prejudice and stereotypes the main character, Barrabbas, named after the infamous serial killer in the Bible, is one of the most bloodthirsty and heartless characters in literature of that time period, and not incidentally, he is a Jew. The Merchant of Venice is also a seemingly very anti-Semitic work. Shakespeare displays anti-Semitism in his play through the terrible things he writes for the Jew to say, what he has other characters say about thi s Jew and conversely about the Christians, and in the very way he chooses to portray the Jewish culture.Shylock the Jew says many things that appall the audience. To what likely would have been (in the time of Shakespeare) an audience almost completely Christian, he says that he hates a certain merchant, for he is a Christian (I.iii.42) Already at his first appearance Shylock has caused the audience to dislike him. Throughout the play, he also fulfills the common stereotype of the time that Jews are greedy, stubborn, heartless and bloodthirsty, but most notably at the trial of Antonio and the events just preceding. Shylock is a usurer, one who lends money at high interest in order to gain great profit at the expense of his customers. He repeats, to the pleading Antonio in the presence of a Jailer, Ill have my bond. (III.iii.13-17) The bond he wants is a pound of Antonios flesh, and so Shylock exposes himself in one statement to possess three of these sinful qualities: he is stub born in repeating his desire, heartless to show no mercy, and bloodthirsty in the desire itself. Throughout the trial, Shylock further shows the quality of heartlessness. Even in light of Portias quality of mercy speech (IV.i.190-212), he refuses to show mercy to the Christian he so hates: I crave the penalty and forfeit of my bond (IV.i.213-214) Shylock is made to sound like a terrible villain through his own words.There is another side of Shylocks words, however. In some instances, rather than lose face in the eyes of the audience, Shylock in fact entreats the audience to see his point-of-view. He asks, Hath not a Jew eyes? Hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections, passions? Fed with the same food, hurt with the same weapons as a Christian is? (III.i.57-60, 63) He is asking to be recognized as a fellow human being to this opposite race of Christians. Certainly this seems to serve to muddle the argument of whether or not this play is anti-Semitic, but it do es not, in fact. Because the vast majority of Shylocks words serve to condemn him in the eyes of the audience, his words can be said to have an overall anti-Semitic effect. Shakespeare, in hindsight, perhaps saves his reputation for being well educated and broad-minded when he includes this appeal by the Jew to his audience, while being of his time in maintaining a generally anti-Semitic atmosphere in order to play into the prejudices of the audience of that day.Other characters help to paint a bad picture of the Jew. Shylocks servant, Lancelet, has an entire soliloquy devoted to the question of whether or not to run from this Jew [his] master (II.ii.1-2), and names Shylock a fiend and a devil throughout. Shylocks own daughter, Jessica, laments, what heinous sin is it in me/To be ashamed to be my fathers child? (II.iii.16-17) She eventually runs away from her father, converts to Christianity, and marries a Christian. All of this serves to instill a sentiment in the audience that this must be a terrible man, a villain (who, by definition, is getting what he deserves) so despicable that even his own daughter will remove herself from him, physically and by changing religion. Shylock is also referred to by Christians as the most impenetrable cur/That ever kept with men (III.iii.19-20) and as an inhuman wretch, /Uncapable of pity, void and empty/From any dram of mercy (IV.i.3-6) These again serve only to strengthen in the audience the stereotypes that the Jew is stubborn and heartless, and that he is a terrible man so say the Christians, and the audience, being likely predominately Christian, would side with these opinions.Other characters serve to lionize the Christians in the play as well, further villainizing the Jew. In fact, there are two separate plotlines in the play one involving the conflict of Antonio and Shylock, and the other involving the marriage of Portia, eventually to Bassanio. One of these (Portia/Bassanio) serves exclusively to show the goodness of Christians, even while the other shows the villainy of the Jew. Portia is referred to as fair, benevolent, a blessing (III.v.74), and possessing innumerable other excellent qualities. Bassanio, in making the right choice of caskets, seems a wise Christian, as opposed to those other foolish suitors to whom no religion is specified. Shakespeare has made sure to tie together the qualities of Christian and Good in every way. In the Antonio/Shylock plotline, Christians are also praised. Antonio, the tragic hero, had the tragic quality of only being too generous and benevolent: the good Antonio, the honest Antonio O, that [there were] a title good enough to keep his name company! (III.i.13-15) He changes to rather a simple hero when in the trial it becomes evident that he will not die for his flaw, but he always remains a Good Christian. Throughout each plotline in the play Christians are praised and shown to be by and large Good.Shakespeares portrayal of Jewish culture misrepresents Jews to the audience of the time. For instance, when Shylock first enters, he is almost certainly wearing [his] Jewish gaberdine (I.iii.122), a traditional black dress worn by those of the Orthodox Jewish faith. Shakespeares audience, however, would read the black clothing to mean that this character is evil this, of course, certainly promotes anti-Semitism. Then, when Shylocks daughter has run away from him to convert to Christianity and marry, Shylock wishes that [his] daughter were dead at [his] foot [he] would she were hearsed. (III.iii.87-89) The truth is that when a member of an Orthodox Jewish family converts to Christianity, the family would actually hold a funeral for them; that person is essentially dead to the family. Shakespeares audience, though, would almost certainly not know this, and would interpret it as quite a hard-hearted comment, more fuel for anti-Semitism. So, even Shakespeares accurate portrayal of Jewish culture depicts the Jew to the a udience as a terrible man.The Merchant of Venice taken as a whole demonstrates anti-Semitism. The Jewish race is shown to be vile by Shylocks words and those of other characters, as well as by the misrepresentative portrayal by Shakespeare himself. Shylock, the representative of this race, is the villain of the play, getting what he deserves at the end of his trial. The Christians, including the hero Antonio, are shown to be good in the eyes of the audience by the words of the characters. Even though Shakespeare might not have been anti-Semitic himself, he writes a play that caters to the prejudices of the audience of his time. Had he written a play that did anything but preach that Christians are virtuous, he would have received nothing but criticism from the theater community of England, no matter how true or important the lesson of the play might be. And so today one must take any discriminatory messages from the Merchant of Venice with a grain of salt; rather, enjoy the pl ay for whatever timeless lessons and humor it might impart.

The Failure Of The Google Glass Explorer Program - 1038 Words

Google Glass is without a doubt a very strong and innovative product with a high potential for growth. However, following the initial launch, negative perceptions of these augmented reality glasses gave view to a few major issues holding them back from success. Many of these problems occurred primarily due to lack of security and privacy. Concerns during the initial release were caused by the fact that the wearer can film or take pictures with out the subject(s) knowing or giving consent. As a result, negative consequences, such as speculation against Google, along with customer assault and isolation began to make face. Customers were targeted and harassed for supporting the product, which worked to both stunt market growth, and lower Google’s reputation. Not soon after, social media sites took wind of the escalating situation and assisted in a major backlash against the new product. Overall, the failure of the Google Glass explorer program directly resulted from the prevalenc e of these unforeseen privacy issues. Removing the camera feature from the device would ultimately eradicate that concern, while they would continue to provide all the other functions that â€Å"wearables† are known for. Unfortunately, this action would diminish the devices value, market reaction would initially be negative, and ultimately sales may not take off as planned. Without the ability to quickly snap a photo or video, the value proposition of convenience is partially eliminated, and consumerShow MoreRelatedIMNPD Individual Assignment Essay example4095 Words   |  17 PagesExecutive Summary 1 Question 1 2 Introduction 2 Google Glass 3 Ongoing Corporate Planning 3 Ongoing Market Planning 4 Ongoing Technology Management 5 Opportunity Analysis/Serendipity 5 Ansoff Matrix 6 Market Penetration 7 Market Development 7 Product Development 8 Diversification 8 Multidimensional Concept of Google Glass 9 Brand Name 9 Quality Specifications 9 Price 9 Packaging 9 Features 10 Technology 10 Level of Service 10 Question 2 11 Dilemma of Google in Innovation Management 11 Uncertainty ManagementRead MoreWhere Tech Savvyness Ends And Where Being A Geek Begins2267 Words   |  10 Pagesmachines had no hard drives and ran completely off of 5 1/4 inch floppy disk s. This was all fun and games, but I didn t learn much from the experience. I did however learn to maneuver through the DOS operating system as well as how to execute programs. My real experience didn t start till around June of 1992. I live in the San Bernardino California area. If you know any history of the area, in June 1992 there was a massive 7.3 earthquake that shook San Bernardino quite harshly. Shopping mallsRead MoreSoftware Testing And Its Commercial Effectiveness2781 Words   |  12 Pagesits commercial effectiveness. Purpose of Software Testing:- The main purpose of software testing is to ensure that the software package that has been created is running as it has been programmed, to work out any glitches or code that prevent the program from completing the actions and functions that it has been set within the code, although this is the purpose of software testing, this is not the aim, the aim of software testing is to ensure that all of the functions of a piece of software will notRead MoreMarketing and E-commerce Business65852 Words   |  264 PagesBusiness: Crowdfunding Takes Off Insight on Technology: Battle of the Titans: Music in the Cloud Case Study: Pandora and the Freemium Business Model CHAPTER 3 E-COMMERCE INFRASTRUCTURE: THE INTERNET, WEB, AND MOBILE PLATFORM Opening Case: Google Glass: Augment My Reality Insight on Society: Government Surveillance and Regulation of the Internet Insight on Technology: Is HTML5 Ready for Prime Time? 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According to Brian Bagnall, Apple exaggerated its sales figures and was a distant third place to CommodoreRead MoreThe Impact Of Digital Branding On Achieving Competitive Advantage10731 Words   |  43 Pages business strategies and Porter s five competitive forces models of digital era. 1.1.6 Approach to the Study The author is going to conduct a secondary research such as academic journals ,books ,the internet using academic search engines such as google scholar ,book review index online , books in print , director of open access journals ,INFOMINE ,infotopia, lib guide community ,CiteuLike, BASE , Academic info ,and will use theoretical analysis focusing on different theories .To aid the search,Read MoreSat Notes6478 Words   |  26 Pagesweather, and hoodies are characteristic of autumn. Of course you can use characteristic as a noun: These are several characteristics of autumn. But the adjectival form is different. 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INTERPROFESSIONAL WORKING Free Essay Example, 2500 words

One of the coordinators of the book by Mr. Ingleby (2005) was also a coordinator at the Migration, Mental health and social care program in the U. K. The program is mostly concerned with the mental health conditions of the above mentioned population in Britain. Other Programs (Intute, 2007) Edinburgh Mental health Research network. Centre for community Mental Health. Centre for citizenship and community and Mental Health. And many more†¦ Legal implications Mrs. IVY had to wait for a long time before she could avail her social service Benefits? In the case study of Mrs. Ivy, her daughter mentions that initially the social service representatives had requested for a GP, and it was also harshly said that until they get a referral from the GP â€Å"the social services won’t get involved†. So after eventually doing what Mrs. Ivy’s daughter was told to do, she contacted the GP again and they arranged a psychiatrist and a psychologist to visit Mrs. Ivy, this was the time when she was diagnosed with â€Å"some form of dementia†. Soon after submitting the GP she realized that Mrs. Ivy had been put on a waiting list and then looking at the deteriorating condition of her mother had to contact a branch of the local Alzheimer’s Society. Implication The legal allegation broken here was through the recently amended Social Services Act (recently amended in 2002). We will write a custom essay sample on INTERPROFESSIONAL WORKING or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Since the amendments made in the Social Services Act (Socialstyrelsen, 2002), the victim now has a much greater right to appeal in front of the Social service representative for a quick decision. This right was not used by Mrs. Ivy’s daughter. In the whole case study, it was never mentioned that the waiting by social services had been cleared, not until the time Mrs. Ivy died. So†¦ How’s this correct or even moral? It is very clear that the social services were not supervising the situation clearly, because doctors could have slowed down the progress of diseases like Alzheimer if it had been detected at the right time. Secondly, neither was any action taken from the regulatory authorities that regulate or supervise social services. Ethical Implications Mrs. Ivy’s Son or Daugher Could have had her Stay with either one of them! Mrs. Ivy was suffering from a worsening mental problem and thus it is clear that she should have had someone to take care for her all the time. This was a much larger ethical implication than just letting her die. Instead of thinking â€Å"Should we force fully feed her or not? † The doctors, nurses, and primarily her family members should have thought â€Å"What is the reason she wants to die? †.

The Extent Of The Government Role Of The American Economy

The Extent of the Government Role in the American Economy Nicolai Noordzy Northcentral Technical College The Extent of the Government Role in the American Economy The economy was one of the most pressing issues in the recent 2016 U.S. presidential campaign, which saw Republican businessman and celebrity Donald Trump closely elected over former Secretary of State and Democratic challenger Hillary Clinton. In many ways, the election can be seen as a backlash and conservative effort against the economic philosophies and policies of the two candidates and their parties, and on which candidate could better spur economic growth. The economy greatly affects all American lives, often without the people’s direct say, but nonetheless influencing how easy it is to get a job, how quickly the prices of goods and services rise and fall in a market system, and how much money people can spend or save for the future. In the third to fourth fiscal quarters of the year 2008, a severe financial crisis began to loom over the global economy, resulting in further economic downturn for the United States. Millions of people lost their jobs, and millions more wo uld not be able to find work thereafter. While the U.S. economy has improved since then, policy makers and both Trump and Clinton have argued endlessly over the best way to drive the economy successfully into the future. The division between Republican and Democratic parties, and in part the division between the candidates, reflectsShow MoreRelatedAp Exam Essays1660 Words   |  7 PagesConfine your answer to the period 1775–1783. 3. Analyze the ways in which controversy over the extension of slavery into western territories contributed to the coming of the Civil War. Confine your answer to the period 1845–1861. 4. Analyze the roles that women played in Progressive Era reforms from the 1880s through 1920. 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Crash A Movie Review Essay - 3090 Words

Most people are born with good hearts, but as they grow up they learn prejudices. â€Å"Crash† is a movie that brings out bigotry and racial stereotypes. The movie is set in Los Angeles, a city with a cultural mix of every nationality. The story begins when several people are involved in a multi-car accident. Several stories interweave during two days in Los Angeles involving a collection of inter-related characters, a police detective with a drugged out mother and a mischief younger brother, two car thieves who are constantly theorizing on society and race, the white district attorney and his wife, a racist cop and his younger partner, a successful Hollywood director and his wife, a Persian immigrant father, a Hispanic locksmith and his young†¦show more content†¦Then Peter brings up the fact that their waitress was black. Anthony points out that just because she is black, does not mean that she fails to see in stereotypes. He argues that she did not serve them becau se she assumed they would not tip well. So Peter says, â€Å"Well how much did you tip her?† In his defense Anthony claims that with that kind of service, why should he tip? By doing this, Anthony is just contributing to the cycle of discrimination. She decides not to serve him like everyone else, so he does not tip her. She is then proven right in her assumption and the cycle continues. Then a white man and woman (the Los Angeles District Attorney and his wife) walk past them in the street, and as soon as the woman sees the two black men her arm almost automatically clings to the side of her husband. They then pull out their firearms and approach the couple, robbing them of their SUV at gunpoint. By acting the way they did they proved the woman correct in her assumption. In this scene Haggis shows only face shots so that each characters emotion is revealed by their face. The Los Angeles District Attorney’s wife is freaking out at her husband because they have a Mexican locksmith changing their locks. She tells her husband she would like the locks changed again in the morning because the â€Å"gangbanger† locksmith with the â€Å"prison tattoos† is going to sell their keys to one of his â€Å"homies†. She then walks into the allShow MoreRelatedReview on the Movie Crash1033 Words   |  5 PagesFILM SYNOPSIS: In Crash, a simple car accident forms an uncompromising foundation for the complex discovery of race and prejudice. Paul Haggis overwhelming and incredibly thought provoking directorial debut succeeds in bringing to the forefront the behaviours that many people keep under their skin. And by thrusting these attitudes toward us with a highly deliberate, reckless abandon, Haggis puts racism on the highest pedestal for our review. There is no better place for this examination thanRead MoreReview on the Movie Crash1022 Words   |  5 PagesFILM SYNOPSIS: In Crash, a simple car accident forms an uncompromising foundation for the complex discovery of race and prejudice. Paul Haggis overwhelming and incredibly thought provoking directorial debut succeeds in bringing to the forefront the behaviours that many people keep under their skin. And by thrusting these attitudes toward us with a highly deliberate, reckless abandon, Haggis puts racism on the highest pedestal for our review. There is no better place for this examination than theRead MoreCrash Movie Review1215 Words   |  5 Pageswhen making an opinion about a person. The movie Crash shows the authenticity of how people negatively stereotype each other’s race and ethnicity. It also shows how people are racist towards each other because of their different race. Stereotypes and mistrust are considered to be barriers that inhibit interracial relationships among people. Crash is a movie that shows acts about racism and stereotypes within the United States. The first scene is the car crash involving Ria, Jennifer Esposito, and anRead MoreFilm Review : The Movie Crash 1757 Words   |  8 Pageshas to do is put shots together†. Is that really all it is? Not even close. In my opinion, without editing, viewers would miss so many important factors that the director and film editor want us to capture in certain scenes or shots. In Paul Haggis’ Crash (2004), there are many intense scenes that use editing, mainly cuts -which is when the camera is focused on one character or sequence, and then changes focus to something else in the blink of an eye- to make the scene flow or to help us notice importantRead MoreThe Movie Crash Essay1031 Words   |  5 PagesWriter-director Paul Haggis Movie â€Å"Crash† written in 2004, tells an interconnecting story of what Whites, Blacks, Latinos, Iranians, cops and criminals. Regardless of their Socia l Economic Academic or Political background, they are all defined in one way or another by racism. Crash represents the modern condition as a violent bumper car ride (Variety) which connects stories based on coincidences serendipity, and luck as the lives of the characters crash against one another. The movie presumes that most peopleRead MoreThe Film Crash, Directed By Paul Haggis974 Words   |  4 PagesThe film Crash, written and directed by Paul Haggis, examines racial exchanges in several different ethnic groups living in Los Angeles. As the film move forward, we are able to view how each characters’ own racist experiences change their attitudes towards other races. Paul Haggis illustrates those change through the mood tone, setting, and even the music. 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One thousand years after cataclysmic events forced humanitys escape from Earth, Nova Prime has become mankinds new home. Legendary General Cypher Raige returns from an extended tour of duty to his estranged family, ready to be a father to his 13-year-old son, Kitai. When an asteroid storm damages Cypher and Kitais craft, they crash-land onRead MoreRace And The Unconscious Bias, Racism, And Police Interactions Essay1380 Words   |  6 PagesThe movie Crash, a film that follows the individual lives of several people and how they all intertwine with one another, hints at the underlying issue of race and the unconscious bias that are hard wired in us. It also shows that racism is not a one way street, but that it travels in both directions and because of this many film critics gave it a high praise. In this paper I will examine how it relates back to the topics we have covered in class, like unconscious bias, racism, and police interactionsRead MoreFinal Film Critique Paper: Hangover Part Iii1014 Words   |  5 PagesCritique: Hangover Part III I have chosen the Hangover 3, directed by Todd Phillips, to critique; it seems to be a very humorous movie from just watching this one clip. This movie is in the genre of comedy, it is being called the epic final of the â€Å"Wolf Pack†. Since the Hangover III does not get released until May 23, 2013 I will base my paper on the movie clip, I my critique I will attempt to explain the uses of sound cinematography used in the clip that I have viewed, and how well the actors

Case 3.1 Brent Dorsey - 1823 Words

Case 3.1 – A Day in the Life of Brent Dorsey, Staff Auditor Professional Pressures 1. What alternatives are available to Brent in regards to the audit of payables? What are the pros and cons of each alternative? - Brent could refuse to work the extra hours – Pros: Brent will improve his strained relationship with his wife and remain morally correct by not reporting dishonest working hours on the engagement. Cons: Brent could cause the engagement to come in over budget, which will make John look bad and could cost John his management promotion. Brent may also receive a less positive evaluation by John after the engagement is over, this could hold him back from future promotions with the company which will affect his income and†¦show more content†¦2. What consequences for Brent, the auditing firm, and others involved, may arise from â€Å"eating time,† as Scott suggested? Similarly, what consequences for Brent, the auditing firm, and others involved, that may arise from not completing audit procedures, as Megan suggested? For â€Å"eating time† – this action would involve violating Rule 102 (Integrity and Objectivity) because it is â€Å"knowingly misrepresenting facts† during the performance of a professional service (Arens, Elder, Beasley, 2010). While there may never be any legal consequences, assuming the client never finds out (and if they did they would not complain about paying less in fees), there could still be long-term consequences. For Brent, it could lead to managers or co-workers asking him to do this again, which means less income for hours for which he deserves to be paid, plus the added family problems discussed above. The auditing firm would have erroneous information about the hours necessary to complete audits for the clients involved, and would continue to bid incorrectly when writing the contracts for engagements. It would also be losing out in billable income since it is not being recorded, and the pressures to perform without pay for extra hours could lead to higher turnover (Arens et al., 2010). Furthermore, the case did not specify for certain but it is probably against company policy to record dishonest hours worked. For others involved, such as futureShow MoreRelatedCase 3.1 a Day in the Life of Brent Dorsey Essay932 Words   |  4 PagesDeana Chamberlain Case 1 ACC 416 Seminar Two Case 3.1 1. What alternatives are available to Brent in regards to the audit of payables? What are the pros and cons of each alternative? Brent and Han could pull twenty invoices rather than thirty invoices and go against the audit plan. Since the account payables haven’t shown any problems in the last few years, chances are there won’t be any problems this year. 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New Product Idea/Business Plan Essay Example For Students

New Product Idea/Business Plan Essay Executive SummarySince the first cellular mobile telephone networks opened for business in the early 1980s, growth in numbers of subscribers has consistently exceeded even the most optimistic forecasts. Even in the most advanced markets, this growth shows little sign of slowing, and meanwhile, new markets are accelerating rapidly. Cellular telephony was developed by AT;T (American Telephone and Telegraph), in its Bell laboratories. It operates by allocating a spectrum of radio channel frequencies to telecommunications systems. The radio channel frequencies are subdivided and assigned to a network of radio base stations each responsible for the coverage of a particular geographical area known as a cell, hence the name cellular telephony. Our product will take all the benefits of modern pc and cellular technology and will make it even more portable than existing cell phones. We will enable the consumer to have an even smaller, more efficient communication device that will help them mak e their lives easier and communication more pleasurable. The price will not be low, but will be affordable when compared with the benefits. This product will be a hot item for individuals from all walks of life. Business people will love it, parents will storm the stores for it, and college students will be begging their parents for one for Christmas or graduation. The features provided by the product will far outweigh the high end cost. With teenagers having cell phones and an interest in the Internet and e-mail, it is expected that we may introduce more fashionable and slightly less expensive model for them as well. They have a high disposable income, and are a very lucrative target market. Selling of this product will take place through cellular phone providers. As the product requires PCS service, it will need a provider. Their stores make the most sense in which to market the product as the consumer is there to purchase service, and will obviously need the equipment to use the service. Pricing of the product should be steady, with moderate increases and decreases as the selling seasons permit. Initial price reduction promotions will be warranted as is the case with most new products. After there is a product recognition and appreciation in the market prices can be returned to normal, and perhaps even increased slightly when we supply additional technology and/or features. BackgroundThe first mobile cellular network operators began using analogue technology for their first networks because it was the only available and prevailing technology of that time. Analog technology is based upon the transmission of sound by way of radio waves through an Analog Mobile Phone System (AMPS). Unfortunately, the analog networks are limited, in that they suffer from severe capacity limitations. There are reception and interference problems, they are also less secure to prying ears and most importantly from a user point of view, coverage is restricted. Along with the expansion of customers there was also a concern about the availability of bandwidth as the radio frequency became overcrowded. Such problems obviously led to the demand for a new and improved alternative, so along came digital technology (Encarta 1996). The new digital networks use their allotted radio frequencys more efficiently than analogue and sound is transmitted by computer code rather than by waves. This enables the network to carry a higher capacity of calls of a higher reception quality and enables the user access to a wider number of advanced features, such as Personal Digital Assistants, (PDAs), mobile faxing and wireless e-mail. The second alternative to cellular is PCS or PCN. This stands for Personal Communication Service/Network. It is not too different from digital cellular, except it uses many more transceivers and base stations (five times as many). An advantage of PCN is that the bandwidth is slightly larger, so more information can be passed and the handsets are more attractive to the customer. However a big problem with PCN is that it is very costly to construct a network. Despite the cost, PCN has taken off well, particularly in the USA. In 1993 the US government set aside a proportion of the airwaves for PCN. It defined 992 regions, within which it hoped companies would want to operate. The federal government then sold licenses to PCN operators, which were by no means cheap. The government made a lot of money from these sales. In 1995 companies paid the federal government 18 billion dollars for these licenses. It was then that it would take the same amount of money again to construct the network. However, this in no way put off the companies involved. The worlds mobile telephone networks are continuing to enjoy spectacular growth, even in relatively mature markets, annual growth greater than 60% is quite common. The high growth rates in mobile telephony are almost universal, with no sign of a saturation point being reached. The Nordic countries, (Sweden, Finland, Norway and Denmark), have consistently led the world in mobile phone penetration. In fact, by mid 1996, more than 25% of all Swedes had a mobile phone. Meanwhile, new mobile networks are being opened all the time, both in the mo st developed countries and in the developing world. In the most developed markets, new operators are competing aggressively to capture the consumer market for mobile telephones, positioning the mobile telephone as a genuine, and much more convenient alternative to owning a normal wired telephone. ProductThe dramatic growth of mobile telephony has demonstrated how important convenience and freedom are to users. The Internet, with its ease of use and universal availability, offers the potential for equally dramatic growth in mobile data. Business professionals today need to have the power and information of the Internet at their fingertips at all times. This necessity for portable communication equipment is what inspired the creation of our new and innovative product. We will shortly introduce, to the mobile communication market, a watch that combines the technology and uses of a Digital PCS cellular phone and wireless PC appliances. Through this product users will be able to use a sm all watch with a small screen to talk on the phone, check e-mail, and obtain stock quote information. This product will have a backlighted screen that can be switched on and off, and will have an ear-piece that can be plugged into the side for cases where a conversation needs to be kept quiet and/or private. The number pad will be on a â€Å"pop out† slide piece that can be pressed in and out as necessary. A small stylus, or pointed wand will also be spring loaded into the side so as to allow easy pushing of the small number buttons. It will be approximately 1 ? inches long so as to ensure that it can be held onto. "Capturiing Hearts" EssaySelling to intermediaries such as cell phone service providers is the less expensive way to distribute this product, at least initially. It is an individual product, but requires the service of a PCS provider to be utilized. Therefore, selling it as to companies such as ATT or Sprint with the option to place their logo on the phone as well ensures that the product can be considered by and demonstrated to individuals considering a digital piece of cellular communication equipment. Cooperation with these providers is essential if this product is to succeed. PricingThe pricing for the initial two models will be $250 for the number keypad model that can receive e-mail, receive and make phone calls, and check stock prices, and $350 for the model that has a letter keypad as well. As a promotional feature to kick start sales we plan to offer a $50 price reduction for the $250 model, and a $75 price reduction for the $350 model when they sign up for 2-year minimum contract with the PCS provider. We hope to negotiate a split in the price reduction with the provider. We would both gain from this reduction due to their retention of a 2 year contract, and our sale of the new product. We will emphasize the features that are gained by this product, and downplay the cost. It is essentially a watch, pager, phone, and internet appliance. That is a 4-in-1 marketing point that we will most definitely stress to the consumer. Many individuals will welcome the chance to wear one item on their wrist in place of carrying a phone, wearing a watch, wearing a pager, and keeping track of all of them. The price does not seem so great when thought of in terms of the fact that it is replacing at least three items. Eventually there will be other models produced by competitors that will rival the features that we offer on our watch appliance. We have already begun planning to include a calendar option and small television screen that can be played when the phone is off. When the competitor’s product catches up to our own, we will be in a research and development position to advance our existing product further, and thus ensure our position of being an innovator. It will further enable us to maintain our upper-end pricing and profits. Price advertising is important when the consumer can actually see and handle the product. Advertising of prices via television and the Internet can often deter consumers who feel that the 2-dimensional image is not worth the cost. This is why trade-shows, and personal selling is so important. It brings the consumer in personal contact with the product. Price changes, increases or decreases, will most likely take place during the key selling periods of the year. These periods, as mentioned before, include Christmas, graduations, income tax time, or perhaps even fathers or mothers day. The increases should not be dramatic, nor should the decreases. Increased sales are tempting, but losses are not worth the slashing of prices in the long term. Business Reports